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Beyond Oil and Gas


Beyond Oil and Gas

The Methanol Economy
3. Aufl.

von: George A. Olah, Alain Goeppert, G. K. Surya Prakash

CHF 31.00

Verlag: Wiley-VCH
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 03.07.2018
ISBN/EAN: 9783527805679
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 496

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Beschreibungen

Completely revised and updated, the third edition of this bestseller discusses the concept and ongoing development of using methanol and derived dimethyl ether as a transportation fuel, energy storage medium, and as a chemical raw material to replace fossil fuels. <br> The contents have been expanded by 35% with new and up to date coverage on energy storage, methanol from biomass and waste products, as well as on carbon dioxide capture and recycling. Written by the late Nobel laureate George Olah, Alain Goeppert and G. K. Surya Prakash, this is an inspiring read for anyone concerned with the major challenge posed by environmental problems including global warming and ocean acidification due to massive increase in fossil fuel use. The book provides a comprehensive and sustainable solution to replace fossil fuels in the long run by chemical recycling of carbon dioxide through renewable methanol utilizing alternative energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and nuclear. The Methanol Economy is being progressively implemented in many parts of the world.
<p>Preface xiii</p> <p>About the Authors xv</p> <p>Acronyms xvii</p> <p><b>1 Introduction 1</b></p> <p><b>2 Coal in the Industrial Revolution and Beyond 13</b></p> <p><b>3 History of Petroleum Oil and Natural Gas 21</b></p> <p>3.1 Oil Extraction and Exploration 26</p> <p>3.2 Natural Gas 27           </p> <p><b>4 Fossil‐Fuel Resources and Their Use 31</b></p> <p>4.1 Coal 32</p> <p>4.2 Petroleum Oil 38</p> <p>4.3 Unconventional Oil Sources 43</p> <p>4.4 Tar Sands 44</p> <p>4.5 Oil Shale 46</p> <p>4.6 Light Tight Oil 47</p> <p>4.7 Natural Gas 48</p> <p>4.8 Coalbed Methane 56</p> <p>4.9 Tight Sands and Shales 56</p> <p>4.10 Methane Hydrates 57</p> <p>4.11 Outlook 60</p> <p><b>5 Oil and Natural Gas Reserves and Their Limits 63</b></p> <p><b>6 The Continuing Need for Hydrocarbon Fuels and Products 73</b></p> <p>6.1 Fractional Distillation of Oil 77</p> <p>6.2 Thermal Cracking and Other Downstream Processes 78</p> <p>6.3 Petroleum Products 79</p> <p><b>7 Fossil Fuels and Climate Change 85</b></p> <p>7.1 Mitigation 95</p> <p><b>8 Renewable Energy Sources and Atomic Energy 101</b></p> <p>8.1 Hydropower 104</p> <p>8.2 Geothermal Energy 108</p> <p>8.3 Wind Energy 113</p> <p>8.4 Solar Energy: Photovoltaic and Thermal 117</p> <p>8.4.1 Electricity from Photovoltaic Conversion 118</p> <p>8.4.2 Solar Thermal Power for Electricity Production 121</p> <p>8.4.3 Electric Power from Saline Solar Ponds 125</p> <p>8.4.4 Solar Thermal Energy for Heating 125</p> <p>8.4.5 Economics of Solar Energy 126</p> <p>8.5 Bioenergy 127</p> <p>8.5.1 Electricity from Biomass 128</p> <p>8.5.2 Liquid Biofuels 130</p> <p>8.5.2.1 Biomethanol 135</p> <p>8.5.3 Advantages and Limitation of Biofuels 135</p> <p>8.6 Ocean Energy: Thermal, Tidal, and Wave Power 136</p> <p>8.6.1 Tidal Energy 136</p> <p>8.6.2 Wave Power 138</p> <p>8.6.3 Ocean Thermal Energy 139</p> <p>8.7 Nuclear Energy 140</p> <p>8.7.1 Energy from Nuclear Fission Reactions 142</p> <p>8.7.2 Breeder Reactors 146</p> <p>8.7.3 The Need for Nuclear Power 148</p> <p>8.7.4 Economics 149</p> <p>8.7.5 Safety 151</p> <p>8.7.6 Radiation Hazards 153</p> <p>8.7.7 Nuclear By‐products, Waste, and Their Management 154</p> <p>8.7.8 Emissions 156</p> <p>8.7.9 Nuclear Fusion 156</p> <p>8.7.10 Nuclear Power: An Energy Source for the Future 160</p> <p>8.8 Future Outlook 161</p> <p><b>9 The Hydrogen Economy and Its Limitations 165</b></p> <p>9.1 Hydrogen and Its Properties 166</p> <p>9.2 The Development of Hydrogen Energy 168</p> <p>9.3 Production and Uses of Hydrogen 171</p> <p>9.3.1 Hydrogen from Fossil Fuels 172</p> <p>9.3.2 Hydrogen from Biomass 174</p> <p>9.3.3 Photobiological Water Cleavage and Fermentation 175</p> <p>9.3.4 Water Electrolysis 175</p> <p>9.3.4.1 Electrolyzer Types 176</p> <p>9.3.4.2 Electricity Source 177</p> <p>9.3.5 Hydrogen Production Using Nuclear Energy 179</p> <p>9.4 The Challenge of Hydrogen Storage 180</p> <p>9.4.1 Liquid Hydrogen 182</p> <p>9.4.2 Compressed Hydrogen 182</p> <p>9.4.3 Metal Hydrides and Solid Adsorbents 184</p> <p>9.4.4 Chemical Hydrogen Storage 185</p> <p>9.5 Centralized or Decentralized Distribution of Hydrogen? 186</p> <p>9.6 Hydrogen Safety 188</p> <p>9.7 Hydrogen as a Transportation Fuel 189</p> <p>9.8 Fuel Cells 191</p> <p>9.8.1 History 191</p> <p>9.8.2 Fuel Cell Efficiency 192</p> <p>9.8.3 Hydrogen‐based Fuel Cells 194</p> <p>9.8.4 PEM Fuel Cells for Transportation 197</p> <p>9.8.5 Regenerative Fuel Cells 200</p> <p>9.9 Outlook 203</p> <p><b>10 The “Methanol Economy”: General Aspects 205</b></p> <p><b>11 Methanol and Dimethyl Ether as Fuels and Energy Carriers 211</b></p> <p>11.1 Background and Properties of Methanol 211</p> <p>11.1.1 Methanol in Nature 213</p> <p>11.1.2 Methanol in Space 213</p> <p>11.2 Chemical Uses of Methanol 214</p> <p>11.3 Methanol as a Transportation Fuel 216</p> <p>11.3.1 Development of Alcohols as Transportation Fuels 217</p> <p>11.3.2 Methanol as a Fuel in Spark Ignition (SI) Engines 226</p> <p>11.3.3 Methanol as a Fuel in Compression Ignition (Diesel) Engines and Methanol Engines 229</p> <p>11.4 Dimethyl Ether as a Transportation Fuel 232</p> <p>11.5 Biodiesel Fuel 238</p> <p>11.6 Advanced Methanol‐powered Vehicles 238</p> <p>11.6.1 Hydrogen for Fuel Cells Based on Methanol Reforming 239</p> <p>11.7 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) 245</p> <p>11.8 Fuel Cells Based on Other Methanol‐derived Fuels and Biofuel Cells 253</p> <p>11.8.1 Regenerative Fuel Cell 253</p> <p>11.9 Methanol and DME as Marine Fuels 253</p> <p>11.10 Methanol for Locomotives and Heavy Equipment 261</p> <p>11.11 Methanol as an Aviation Fuel 262</p> <p>11.12 Methanol for Static Power, Heat Generation, and Cooking 263</p> <p>11.13 DME for Electricity Generation and as a Household Gas 265</p> <p>11.14 Methanol and DME Storage and Distribution 268</p> <p>11.15 Price of Methanol and DME 271</p> <p>11.16 Safety of Methanol and DME 273</p> <p>11.17 Emissions from Methanol‐ and DME‐powered Vehicles and Other Sources 278</p> <p>11.18 Environmental Effects of Methanol and DME 283</p> <p>11.19 The Beneficial Effect of Chemical CO<sub>2</sub> Recycling to Methanol on Climate Change 285</p> <p><b>12 Production of Methanol from Still Available Fossil‐Fuel Resources 287</b></p> <p>12.1 Methanol from Fossil Fuels 290</p> <p>12.1.1 Production via Syngas 290</p> <p>12.1.2 Syngas from Coal 294</p> <p>12.1.3 Syngas from Natural Gas 295</p> <p>12.1.3.1 Steam Reforming of Methane 295</p> <p>12.1.3.2 Partial Oxidation of Methane 296</p> <p>12.1.3.3 Autothermal Reforming and Combination of Steam Reforming with Partial Oxidation 296</p> <p>12.1.3.4 Syngas from CO<sub>2</sub> Reforming of Methane 297</p> <p>12.1.4 Syngas from Petroleum Oil and Higher Hydrocarbons 297</p> <p>12.1.5 Economics of Syngas Generation 298</p> <p>12.1.6 Alternative Syngas Generation Methods 298</p> <p>12.1.6.1 Tri‐reforming of Natural Gas 298</p> <p>12.1.6.2 Bi‐reforming of Methane for Methanol Production 298</p> <p>12.1.6.3 Oxidative Bi‐reforming of Methane for Methanol Production: Methane Oxygenation 300</p> <p>12.1.7 Other High‐Temperature Processes Based on Methane to Convert Carbon Dioxide to Methanol 300</p> <p>12.1.7.1 Carnol Process 300</p> <p>12.1.7.2 Combination of Methane Decomposition with Dry Reforming or Steam Reforming 302</p> <p>12.1.7.3 Addition of CO<sub>2</sub> to Syngas from Methane Steam Reforming 303</p> <p>12.1.8 Coal to Methanol Without CO<sub>2</sub> Emissions 303</p> <p>12.1.9 Methanol from Syngas Through Methyl Formate 305</p> <p>12.1.10 Methanol from Methane Without Producing Syngas 306</p> <p>12.1.10.1 Direct Oxidation of Methane to Methanol 306</p> <p>12.1.10.2 Catalytic Gas‐Phase Oxidation of Methane 307</p> <p>12.1.10.3 Liquid‐Phase Oxidation of Methane to Methanol 309</p> <p>12.1.10.4 Methane to Methanol Conversion Through Monohalogenated Methanes 311</p> <p>12.1.11 Microbial or Photochemical Conversion of Methane to Methanol 313</p> <p>12.2 Dimethyl Ether Production from Syngas or Carbon Dioxide Using Fossil Fuels 314</p> <p><b>13 Production of Renewable Methanol and DME from Biomass and Through Carbon Capture and Recycling 319</b></p> <p>13.1 Biomass‐ and Waste‐Based Methanol and DME – Biomethanol and Bio‐DME 319</p> <p>13.1.1 Gasification 321</p> <p>13.1.1.1 Sources of Heat for the Gasification 322</p> <p>13.1.2 Biocrude 322</p> <p>13.1.3 Combination of Biomass and Coal 324</p> <p>13.1.4 Excess CO<sub>2</sub> in the Gas Mixture Derived from Biomass 324</p> <p>13.1.5 Methanol from Biogas 329</p> <p>13.1.6 Limitations of Biomass 332</p> <p>13.1.7 Aquaculture 335</p> <p>13.1.7.1 Water Plants 336</p> <p>13.1.7.2 Algae 336</p> <p>13.2 Chemical Recycling of Carbon Dioxide to Methanol 340</p> <p>13.3 Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Production of Methanol from CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> 340</p> <p>13.4 Production of DME from CO<sub>2</sub> Hydrogenation over Heterogeneous Catalysts 342</p> <p>13.5 Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol with Homogeneous Catalysts 343</p> <p>13.6 Practical Applications of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol 344</p> <p>13.7 Alternative Two‐Step Route for CO<sub>2</sub> Hydrogenation to Methanol 346</p> <p>13.8 Where Should the Needed Hydrogen Come From? 346</p> <p>13.9 CO2 Reduction to CO Followed by Hydrogenation 347</p> <p>13.10 Electrochemical Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> 348</p> <p>13.10.1 Direct Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction to Methanol 349</p> <p>13.10.2 Methods for High‐Rate Electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction 350</p> <p>13.10.3 Syngas (Metgas) Production from Formic Acid Synthesized by Electrochemical Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> 352</p> <p>13.11 Thermochemical and Photochemical Routes to Methanol 352</p> <p>13.11.1 Solar‐Driven Thermochemical Conversion of CO<sub>2</sub> to CO for Methanol Synthesis 352</p> <p>13.11.2 Direct Photochemical Reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol 354</p> <p>13.12 Sources of CO<sub>2</sub> 355</p> <p>13.12.1 Separating Carbon Dioxide from Industrial and Natural Sources for Chemical Recycling 356</p> <p>13.12.2 CO<sub>2</sub> Capture from Seawater 359</p> <p>13.12.3 CO<sub>2</sub> Capture from the Air 359</p> <p>13.13 Atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> to Methanol 363</p> <p>13.14 Cost of Producing Methanol from CO<sub>2</sub> and Biomass 365</p> <p>13.15 Advantages of Producing Methanol from CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> 369</p> <p>13.16 Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Emissions 369</p> <p>13.17 Anthropogenic Carbon Cycle 372</p> <p><b>14 Methanol‐Based Chemicals, Synthetic Hydrocarbons, and Materials 375</b></p> <p>14.1 Methanol‐Based Chemical Products and Materials 375</p> <p>14.2 Methyl‐tert‐butyl Ether and DME 377</p> <p>14.3 Methanol Conversion to Light Olefins and Synthetic Hydrocarbons 378</p> <p>14.4 Methanol to Olefin (MTO) Processes 380</p> <p>14.5 Methanol to Gasoline (MTG) Processes 383</p> <p>14.6 Methanol‐Based Proteins 384</p> <p>14.7 Plant Growth Promotion 385</p> <p>14.8 Outlook 386</p> <p><b>15 Conclusion and Outlook 387</b></p> <p>15.1 Where Do We Stand? 387</p> <p>15.2 The “Methanol Economy”: Progress and Solutions for the Future 390</p> <p>Further Reading and Information 395</p> <p>References 409</p> <p>Index 459</p>
George A. Olah obtained his doctorate at the Technical University of Budapest in 1949 and was the Donald P. and Katherine B. Loker Distinguished Professor of Organic Chemistry and Director of the Loker Hydrocarbon Institute at the University of Southern California, USA. He passed away on March 8, 2017. Olah received numerous awards and recognitions worldwide, including memberships in various academies of science and 12 honorary degrees. He had some 1,400 scientific papers, 20 books and more than 140 patents to his name. Professor Olah's research spanned a wide range of synthetic and mechanistic organic chemistry. But most notably, his work on the chemistry of carbocations earned him the 1994 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.<br> <br> Alain Goeppert is a research associate in the groups of Profs. George A. Olah and G. K. Surya Prakash at the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at the University of Southern California, USA, since 2002. After obtaining his diploma in chemistry from the University Robert Schuman in Strasbourg, France, he received his engineering degree from the Fachhochschule Aalen, Germany. He then returned to Strasbourg to obtain his PhD in 2002 under the direction of Prof. Jean Sommer at the Universite Louis Pasteur. Dr. Goeppert's current research is focused on the transformation of methane and CO2 into more valuable products and CO2 capture technologies.<br> <br> G. K. Surya Prakash is currently a Professor and Olah Nobel Laureate Chair in Hydrocarbon Chemistry and Scientific Co-Director at the Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute at University of Southern California, USA. After gaining his bachelor and master degrees from India, he obtained his PhD from the University of Southern California under the direction of Prof. Olah in 1978. Professor Prakash has close to 600 scientific papers, 9 books and 25 patents to his name, and has received many accolades, including two American Chemical Society National Awards. His primary research interests are in superacid, hydrocarbon, synthetic organic & organofluorine chemistry, energy and catalysis areas.

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