Details

Green Roof Retrofit


Green Roof Retrofit

Building Urban Resilience
Innovation in the Built Environment 1. Aufl.

von: Sara J. Wilkinson, Tim Dixon

CHF 97.00

Verlag: Wiley-Blackwell
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 02.06.2016
ISBN/EAN: 9781119055600
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 288

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Beschreibungen

A deep understanding of the implications of green roof retrofit is required amongst students and practitioners to make the decisions and take the actions needed to mitigate climate changes. <i>Green Roof Retrofit: building urban resilience</i> illustrates the processes undertaken to develop this new knowledge and thereby embed a deeper level of understanding in readers.Illustrative case studies and exemplars are drawn from countries outside of the core researched areas to demonstrate the application of the knowledge more broadly. Examples are used from the Americas (North and South and Canada), Oceania, Asia and other European countries.The book describes the multiple criteria which inform decision making and how this provides a way forward for making better decisions about green roof retrofit in different countries and climates.
<p>Notes on Editors x</p> <p>Notes on Contributors xi</p> <p>Foreword xiv</p> <p>Acknowledgements xvi</p> <p><b>Chapter 1 Building Resilience in Urban Settlements Through Green Roof Retrofit 1</b></p> <p>1.0 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.1 Background and Context: Green Infrastructure 2</p> <p>1.1.1 Green Roofs 4</p> <p>1.2 Extensive and Intensive Systems 5</p> <p>1.3 Valuing Green Infrastructure and Wider Economic Benefits 5</p> <p>1.4 Measures of Greenness in Cities and the Growing Market for Green Roofs 7</p> <p>1.5 A Growing Global Market for Green Roofs 7</p> <p>1.6 Overview of the Structure of the Book 8</p> <p>1.7 Conclusion 12</p> <p>References 12</p> <p><b>Chapter 2 Technical and Engineering Issues in Green Roof Retrofit 14</b></p> <p>2.0 Introduction 14</p> <p>2.1 Technical and Engineering Considerations 15</p> <p>2.2 Roof Structure and Covering Typologies 15</p> <p>2.2.1 Pitched Roof Structures 15</p> <p>2.2.2 Pitched Roof Coverings 16</p> <p>2.2.3 Flat Roof Structures 18</p> <p>2.2.4 Flat Roof Coverings 19</p> <p>2.2.5 Other Roof Designs 20</p> <p>2.2.6 Green Roof Modular Systems 20</p> <p>2.3 Available Space 21</p> <p>2.4 Structural Capacity 21</p> <p>2.5 Waterproof Membranes and Insulation 23</p> <p>2.6 Drainage 24</p> <p>2.7 Heritage 24</p> <p>2.8 Green Roof Access 24</p> <p>2.8.1 Access for Maintenance 25</p> <p>2.8.2 Temporary or Permanent Access Strategies 25</p> <p>2.8.3 Maintenance Frequency 26</p> <p>2.9 Other Issues 26</p> <p>2.10 How to Determine Which Green Roof Type is Best Suited to Different Structures 26</p> <p>2.11 Illustrative Case Studies 27</p> <p>2.11.1 Australia – Surry Hills Library and Beare Park, Sydney 27</p> <p>2.11.2 Brazil 30</p> <p>2.11.3 1214 Queen St West, Toronto, Ontario, Canada 33</p> <p>2.11.4 107 Cheapside, London, UK 34</p> <p>2.12 Conclusions 35</p> <p>References 36</p> <p><b>Chapter 3 Green Roof Retrofit and the Urban Heat Island 37</b></p> <p>3.0 Introduction 37</p> <p>3.1 Defining the Urban Heat Island 37</p> <p>3.1.1 UHI Impacts on Environment, Society and Economy 39</p> <p>3.2 Microclimatic Effects of Rooftop Greening 40</p> <p>3.3 Green Roof Cooling Mechanisms 43</p> <p>3.4 Green Roof Retrofit for UHI Mitigation – Defining the Boundaries 45</p> <p>3.4.1 Roof Availability and Suitability 45</p> <p>3.4.2 Design Considerations – Intensive Versus Extensive 46</p> <p>3.5 Green Roof Retrofit for UHI Mitigation – Developing the Model 47</p> <p>3.5.1 Overview of Methods 47</p> <p>3.5.2 Modelling Roof Availability and Suitability 48</p> <p>3.5.3 Modelling Thermal Performance 49</p> <p>3.6 Model Implementation – Evaluating Sydney’s Surface and Canopy?]Layer Heat Islands 50</p> <p>3.7 Green Roof Retrofit for UHI Mitigation – Model Implementation 55</p> <p>3.8 Conclusions – Where to from Here? 57</p> <p>3.8.1 Limitations of the Research and Opportunities for Further Work 58</p> <p>References 59</p> <p><b>Chapter 4 Thermal Performance of Green Roof Retrofit 62</b></p> <p>4.0 Introduction 62</p> <p>4.1 Green Roof Retrofit and Thermal Performance 63</p> <p>4.2 Research Methodology 67</p> <p>4.3 Case study: Rio de Janeiro and Sydney 68</p> <p>4.3.1 Rio de Janeiro Case Study 69</p> <p>4.3.2 Sydney Case Study 74</p> <p>4.3.3 Evaluation of Rio de Janeiro and Sydney Cases 78</p> <p>4.4 Conclusions 80</p> <p>References 82</p> <p><b>Chapter 5 Stormwater Attenuation and Green Roof Retrofit 85</b></p> <p>5.0 Introduction 85</p> <p>5.1 The Problem of Pluvial Flooding 86</p> <p>5.2 Specifications for Stormwater Roofs and Issues for Retrofit 88</p> <p>5.2.1 Technical and Physical Issues in Retrofit 88</p> <p>5.2.2 Estimating Runoff Reduction 89</p> <p>5.3 Modelling for City?]Scale Stormwater Attenuation 90</p> <p>5.3.1 Melbourne, Australia 92</p> <p>5.3.2 Newcastle?]upon?]Tyne, UK CBD Database 95</p> <p>5.3.3 Melbourne and Newcastle Runoff Estimation 97</p> <p>5.4 Assessment of Retrofit at a Building Scale 99</p> <p>5.4.1 Portland Ecoroof Programme 101</p> <p>5.5 Conclusions – Where to Next? 102</p> <p>References 103</p> <p><b>Chapter 6 Biodiversity and Green Roof Retrofit 106</b></p> <p>6.0 Introduction 106</p> <p>6.1 What is Biodiversity? 108</p> <p>6.2 Green Roofs for Vertebrate Conservation 109</p> <p>6.3 Green Roofs for Invertebrate Conservation 110</p> <p>6.4 Conclusions 112</p> <p>6.4.1 Designing Biodiverse Green Roofs 113</p> <p>References 115</p> <p><b>Chapter 7 Planting Choices for Retrofitted Green Roofs 118</b></p> <p>7.0 Introduction 118</p> <p>7.1 Ecosystem Services Delivery By Green Roofs: The Importance of Plant Choice 120</p> <p>7.2 Plant Species Choice and Building Cooling/Insulation 120</p> <p>7.2.1 Plants and Cooling – Basic Principles 120</p> <p>7.2.2 Plant Species Choice and Summer?]Time Surface Cooling 123</p> <p>7.2.3 Plant Species Choice and Winter?]Time Insulation 129</p> <p>7.3 Plant Species Choice and Stormwater Management 130</p> <p>7.4 Greater Plant Variety can Enhance Urban Biodiversity 133</p> <p>7.5 Plant Choices and Particle Pollution Mitigation 134</p> <p>7.6 New Plant Choices and Adaptation of Current Green Roof Systems 134</p> <p>7.7 Conclusions and Future Work 135</p> <p>References 136</p> <p><b>Chapter 8 Green Roof Retrofitting and Conservation of Endangered Flora 140</b></p> <p>8.0 Introduction 140</p> <p>8.1 Biodiversity Conservation – a Strategic Overview 141</p> <p>8.2 A Review of Green Roofs in Habitat Conservation 143</p> <p>8.3 Knowledge Gaps and Further Research 146</p> <p>8.3.1 A Research Programme for Conserving Endangered Species on Green Roofs 147</p> <p>8.3.2 The Endangered Community of the Eastern Suburbs Banksia Scrub 147</p> <p>8.4 A Model Research Design for Species Conservation 149</p> <p>8.4.1 Extensive or Intensive Roofs? 149</p> <p>8.4.2 Research Objectives 150</p> <p>8.4.3 Guiding Principles for ESBS Regeneration 152</p> <p>8.4.4 Preparatory Steps 152</p> <p>8.4.5 Monitoring 153</p> <p>8.4.6 Expected Outcomes 153</p> <p>8.5 Conclusions 154</p> <p>References 154</p> <p><b>Chapter 9 Urban Food Production on Retrofitted Rooftops 158</b></p> <p>9.0 Introduction 158</p> <p>9.1 Green Roof Retrofit and Urban Food Production 159</p> <p>9.2 Stakeholders and Urban Food Production 161</p> <p>9.3 Contamination and Air?]Quality Issues 162</p> <p>9.3.1 Types of Pollutant 163</p> <p>9.3.2 Most Urban Soils are Contaminated 164</p> <p>9.3.3 Do Contaminants Accumulate in Urban Crops? 165</p> <p>9.3.4 Mitigating Urban Crop Contamination 167</p> <p>9.3.5 Urban Gardens and Air Quality 169</p> <p>9.4 The Research Design and Methodology 170</p> <p>9.4.1 Case Studies 171</p> <p>9.4.2 Gumal Student Housing 171</p> <p>9.4.3 Science Roof 173</p> <p>9.4.4 Vertical Gardens 175</p> <p>9.4.5 Results and Interpretation 176</p> <p>9.4.6 Findings 180</p> <p>9.5 The Carbon Footprint of Food Grown on Demonstration Beds 180</p> <p>9.6 Potential Reductions in Carbon Footprint 181</p> <p>9.7 Conclusions 183</p> <p>References 183</p> <p><b>Chapter 10 Social Aspects of Institutional Rooftop Gardens 189</b></p> <p>10.0 Introduction and Objectives 189</p> <p>10.1 Social Aspects, Productivity and Sustainability Potential of Rooftop Gardens 190</p> <p>10.2 Methodology 193</p> <p>10.2.1 Comparative Analysis of Eight University Rooftop Garden Case Studies 195</p> <p>10.2.2 Semi?]Structured Interviews with UTS Roof Gardening Club 195</p> <p>10.2.3 107 Projects Rooftop Garden: A Sensory Ethnography 196</p> <p>10.3 Main Findings 197</p> <p>10.3.1 Comparative Analysis of Eight Rooftop Gardens in Universities 197</p> <p>10.3.2 Qualitative Analysis of UTS Roof Gardening Club Semi?]Structured Interviews 198</p> <p>10.3.3 107 Projects Rooftop Garden, Sydney 205</p> <p>10.3.4 St Canice Kitchen Garden, Kings Cross, Sydney 208</p> <p>10.4 Recommendations, Discussions and Conclusions 209</p> <p>Acknowledgement 212</p> <p>References 212</p> <p><b>Chapter 11 Cool Roof Retrofits as an Alternative to Green Roofs 216</b></p> <p>11.0 Introduction 216</p> <p>11.1 What is a Cool Roof? 216</p> <p>11.2 Background – How does a Cool Roof Work? 217</p> <p>11.3 Cool Roof Studies and Measurements 217</p> <p>11.4 The Experiments 218</p> <p>11.4.1 Results 219</p> <p>11.4.2 Other Residential Building Typologies 228</p> <p>11.4.3 Impact of CRP on PV Energy Generation 231</p> <p>11.5 Conclusions 232</p> <p>11.5.1 Negative Impacts of Cool Roofs 232</p> <p>11.5.2 Green Roofs Versus Cool Roofs 232</p> <p>11.5.3 Cool Roofs and Retrofits 233</p> <p>11.5.4 Barriers and Stakeholders 233</p> <p>Acknowledgements 233</p> <p>References 234</p> <p><b>Chapter 12 Looking to the Future 235</b></p> <p>12.0 Introduction 235</p> <p>12.1 City?]level Actions: Basel and Paris 235</p> <p>12.2 City?]level Actions: Requirements or Inducements? 237</p> <p>12.3 Tools and Information Sources 240</p> <p>12.4 Green Roofs: The Big Picture of GI and Future Developments 241</p> <p>12.5 Recognising the Multiple Benefits of Green Roof Retrofit 243</p> <p>12.6 Overall Conclusions 244</p> <p>References 245</p> <p>Appendices 247</p> <p>Appendix 1: A Checklist for Appraising the Suitability of an Existing Roof for Green Roof Retrofit 247</p> <p>Appendix 2: Checklist for Designers of Biodiverse Green Roofs 250</p> <p>Appendix 3: Tools, Information Sources and Mapping/GIS for Green Roofs – Some Examples 253</p> <p>Index 257</p>
<p><b>Sara Wilkinson</b> - Associate Professor in Property and Construction, University of Technology, Sydney. Sara has a combination of professional industry and academic experience spanning more than 30 years. Sara's research focus is building adaptation within the context of sustainability, and represents areas of professional practice prior to becoming an academic. Her PhD examined building adaptation and the relationship to property attributes, whilst her MPhil explored the conceptual understanding of green buildings. Sara is a member of the RICS Oceania Sustainability Working Group. She is the International Federation of Surveyors (FIG) Vice-Chair of Commission 10 "Construction Management & Construction Economics". Sara is also author of eight books/book chapters and was awarded the RICS COBRA Conference Best Paper Award in 2012 for her paper. The increasing importance of environmental attributes in commercial building retrofits. RICS COBRA Las Vegas USA. September 2012.</p> <p><b>Tim Dixon</b> - Chair in Sustainable Futures in the Built Environment, University of Reading Tim joined the School of Construction Management and Engineering, University of Reading in 2012. He was formerly was Director of OISD and Professor of Real Estate (2005-2012) at Oxford Brookes University. He is former Director of Research at the College of Estate Management, Reading (1998-2005). With more than 25 years' experience of research, education and professional practice in the built environment he is a fellow of the RICS and of the Higher Education Academy; a trained RICS APC assessor; and a former member of SEEDA's South East Excellence Advisory Board. He is also a member of the editorial boards of four leading international real estate journals (Journal of Property Investment and Finance, the Journal of Property Management, the Journal of Building Appraisal and Journal of Sustainable Real Estate); a member of the Advisory Board for Local Economy-; and a member of the review panel of the RICS Research Paper Series. He is a regular contributor to professional journals such as Estates Gazette and he is a regular columnist with Newzeye's 'Property Forecast'. He is also a member of the CORENET Sustainability Working Group and RICS Sustainability Group. In 2009 he was awarded Honorary Fellow status of the Institute of Green Professionals, which seeks to recognise pre-eminent individuals who exemplify academic and/or professional excellence, and serve as examples of scholarship and leadership for the global sustainability community and the public. He was formerly a member of the Oxford Futures Development Group, and carried out a peer review of the Qatar National Plan, funded by Ministry of Qatar (2010). He has recently worked on a range of funded sustainability-based research programmes, including European Investment Bank EIBURS (social sustainability and urban renewal), RICS (sustainability indicators - 'Green Gauge' project), and RICS Education Trust/Kajima Foundation ('A Comparative Study of UK-Japan Brownfields'). He also contributed to the evidence review for the DIUS Foresight Land Use Futures programme. He is currently working on the RICS 'Green Gauge' project and 'Low Carbon UK Cities' projects and EPSRC RETROFIT 2050 project (a major four year funded programme of research). He is also working in the University in a consultancy role with a number of key players in the property sector to operationalise the measurement of social sustainability in property development and regeneration projects, building on the OISD's EIB work, which he developed and led. The EIB work led to the book, ‘Urban Regeneration and Social Sustainability’ in which he was principal co-author.</p>
<p>The book makes a significant contribution to our understanding of best practice in sustainable adaptations to existing commercial buildings in respect of green roof retrofit. It offers new knowledge-based theoretical and practical insights and models grounded in the results of empirical research conducted within eight collaborative construction project team settings in Australia, the UK and Brazil.<br> </br>The book?s opening and concluding chapters set out a framework for a more holistic approach to assessing the issues surrounding the green roof retrofit decision. Other chapters cover specific benefits of green roof design, for example urban heat islands or bio-diversity. Changes delivered though green roof retrofit are illustrated and quantified here through empirical research so practitioners can be confident that their green roof retrofit solutions are based on real world evidence.<br> </br>The data analysis presents findings from nine research studies across six countries, undertaken from 2012 onwards. These findings inform the template for decision-making which is posited in the final chapter. The book describes the multiple criteria which inform decision-making and how this provides a way forward for improved choices about green roof retrofit in different countries and climates.<br> </br>Illustrative case studies and exemplars are drawn from countries outside the core researched areas (North and South America and Canada, Oceania, Asia and other European countries) to demonstrate the application of the knowledge more broadly. The emphasis throughout is on the application by practitioners of new knowledge to deliver practical, professionally relevant outcomes.<br> </br><I>Green Roof Retrofit: Building Urban Resilience</I> gives both students and researchers an overview of all aspects of green roof performance characteristics and the retrofit of existing buildings. And for practitioners at local authority, city and policy levels, the book facilitates informed decisions about whether a green roof is a good choice and if so, which type is best suited for projects - with empirical evidence to support that decision.</p> The book illustrates the processes undertaken to develop this new knowledge and thereby embeds a deeper level of understanding in readers. An appreciation of the implications of green roof retrofit is required in order to make the decisions and take the actions needed to mitigate climate change; this is a relatively new solution for building retrofit so both students and practitioners will welcome the high quality information based on real world research offered here, in order to upskill and update their knowledge base.

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