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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Beech, Anthony R., editor. | Carter, Adam J., 1968– editor. | Mann, Ruth E., 1965– editor. | Rotshtein, Pia, editor.

Title: The Wiley Blackwell handbook of forensic neuroscience / edited by Anthony R. Beech, Adam J. Carter, Ruth E. Mann, Pia Rotshtein.

Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, 2018. | Includes index. |

Identifiers: LCCN 2017034459 (print) | LCCN 2017044364 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118650905 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118650912 (epub) | ISBN 9781118650929 (cloth-set)

Subjects: LCSH: Forensic neuropsychology.

Classification: LCC RA1147.5 (ebook) | LCC RA1147.5 .W55 2018 (print) | DDC 614/.15–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017034459

Cover image: © Sergey7777/Gettyimages

Cover design: Wiley

CONTENTS

Volume 1

About the Editors
List of Contributors
Part I Introduction
1. 1 Neuroscience in Forensic Settings: Origins and Recent Developments
  1. Introduction
  2. Forensic Neuroscience: Origins and Developments in 19th-Century Phrenology
  3. The Case of Phineas Gage
  4. Other Early Genetic and Neurobiology Insights
  5. Approaches to Explaining Crime from a Brain-based Perspective
  6. The Social Brain
  7. Recent Approaches to Understanding Criminality from a Neurobiological Perspective
  8. Structural and Functional Evidence of Problems in Offenders
  9. Neuropsychological and Neurophysiological Evidence of Problems in Offenders
  10. Conclusions and Structure of the Book
  11. Notes
  12. Recommended reading
  13. References
2. 2 A Brief Introduction to Neuroscience
  1. Introduction
  2. Behavioral Neuroscience
  3. Human Brain Development
  4. Understanding the Functions of the Brain and Peripheral Nervous Systems
  5. Cellular Neuroscience
  6. Methods to Examine the Brain's Structure and Activity
  7. Conclusions
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
Part II General Neuroscience Research
1. 3 The Neurobiology of Aggressive Behavior
  1. Introduction
  2. Alternative Approaches to Neurobiological Investigation of Aggressive Behavior
  3. Experimental Findings
  4. An Integrative Conceptual Framework for Understanding Aggression Proneness
  5. Practical and Ethical Implications
  6. Conclusions
  7. Recommended Reading
  8. References
2. 4 The Neurobiology of Sexual Behavior and Sexual Attraction
  1. Introduction
  2. What is Sexual Behavior?
  3. Sexual Motivation
  4. The Sexual Incentive Stimuli
  5. The Sexual Central Motive State: Hormones
  6. The Sexual Central Motive State: Brain Sites
  7. Bisexuality and Homosexuality
  8. Drugs and Sexual Motivation
  9. Conclusions: Is There Any Neurobiological Basis for Socially Unacceptable Sexual Behaviors?
  10. Recommended Reading
  11. References
3. 5 Reward Sensitivity and Behavioral Control: Neuroimaging Evidence for Brain Systems Underlying Risk-Taking Behavior
  1. Introduction
  2. Brain Systems Underlying Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
  3. Influences on Risk-Taking Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
  4. Taking Risks across the Lifespan
  5. Individual Differences and Risk-Taking Behavior: The Effect of Personality Traits
  6. Gender Differences in Risk-Taking Behavior
  7. Conclusions
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
4. 6 The Neurobiology of Emotion Regulation
  1. Introduction
  2. Key Brain Regions to Consider in ER
  3. Models of ER
  4. Neural Bases of ER
  5. Neurodevelopment of ER
  6. Implications for Forensic Applications
  7. Conclusions
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
5. 7 The Social Neuroscience of Empathy and its Relationship to Moral Behavior
  1. Introduction
  2. The Evolutionary Roots of Empathy
  3. The Development of Empathy
  4. Neurobiological Mechanisms Underpinning Empathy
  5. Social Factors Impact the Neural Response to the Distress of Others
  6. The Lack of Empathy Contributes to Callous Disregard of the Welfare of Others
  7. Empathy can Conflict with Morality
  8. Conclusions
  9. Notes
  10. Recommended Reading
  11. References
6. 8 The Neuroscience of Deception
  1. Introduction
  2. The Neuroscience of Deception
  3. Parts of the Brain Associated with Deception
  4. Measuring Deception
  5. The Development of Deceptive Behavior
  6. Developmental Disorders Associated with Deception
  7. Neurological and Personality Disorders and Deceptive Behavior
  8. Conclusions
  9. Recommended Reading
  10. References
Part III Neurobiology of Offending
1. 9 The Neurobiological Underpinnings of Psychopathy
  1. Introduction
  2. Psychopathy: From Definition Through Assessment to Misconceptions
  3. Conduct Problems and Callous-Unemotional Traits: Psychopathy in Youth
  4. Autonomic Abnormalities in Psychopathy
  5. Endocrine Abnormalities in Psychopathy
  6. Neuropsychological Evidence
  7. Neuroimaging Research in Psychopathy
  8. Methodological Considerations in Neuroimaging Studies
  9. Conclusions
  10. Implications for Practice
  11. Notes
  12. Recommended Reading
  13. References
2. 10 Antisocial Personality Disorder
  1. Introduction
  2. Lifetime Prevalence of ASPD and CD
  3. Sex Differences in CD/ASPD
  4. Diagnoses of CD/ASPD Identify a Heterogeneous Population
  5. Relationship between CD/ASPD and Criminality
  6. Violence Towards Others
  7. Victimisation
  8. Heritability of CD/ASPD
  9. Genes Associated with CD/ASPD
  10. Epigenetic Changes in MAOA and 5-HTT Genes
  11. Environmental Toxins
  12. Neural Abnormalities in Individuals with CD/ASPD Detected by Brain Imaging
  13. Brain Abnormalities in Persons with CD/ASPD Detected by Neuropsychological Tests
  14. CD as a Precursor of Schizophrenia
  15. Treatments for CD/ASPD
  16. Conclusions
  17. Implications for practice
  18. Note
  19. Recommended Reading
  20. References
3. 11 Offenders with Autism Spectrum Disorder
  1. Introduction
  2. Autism Spectrum Disorder
  3. Models/Theories of ASD
  4. The Neuroscience of ASD
  5. ASD and Offending
  6. Conclusions and Future Research Questions
  7. Implication for Forensic Practice, Ethical Implications, and Policy
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
4. 12 The Neuroscience of Violent Offending
  1. Introduction
  2. Neuroimaging
  3. Neuropsychology
  4. Psychophysiology
  5. Conclusions
  6. Implications for Practice
  7. Notes
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
5. 13 The Neuroscience of Sexual Offending
  1. Introduction
  2. Explanations of Sexual Offending Indicating Neuropsychological Problems
  3. Differences in Brain Structure in Sexual Offenders
  4. Risk Factors Indicating Neuropsychological Problems
  5. Conclusions
  6. Implications for Forensic Practice, Ethical Implications, and Policy
  7. Note
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
6. 14 The Neuroscience of Acquisitive/Impulsive Offending
  1. Introduction
  2. Defining Impulsivity
  3. The Neuroscience of Impulse Control
  4. The Neurochemistry of Impulsivity
  5. The Development/Non-Development of Impulse Control Processes
  6. Changes in Adolescence that Might Explain the Increase in Offending Behavior
  7. Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
  8. Conclusions
  9. Implications for Forensic Practice
  10. Note
  11. Recommended Reading
  12. References
7. 15 Neurobiology of Brain Injury and its Link with Violence and Extreme Single and Multiple Homicides
  1. Introduction
  2. Brain Injury in the Offender Populations
  3. Studies Investigating TBI in Single Homicide and Sexual Murderers
  4. Conclusions
  5. Recommended Reading
  6. References
8. 16 The Neurobiology of Offending Behavior in Adolescence
  1. Introduction
  2. Is the Age-Crime Curve Partly Explained by Developmental Changes in Brain Structure and Function?
  3. Does Adolescent Offending Have a Neurobiological Basis?
  4. The Neurobiological Basis of Sex Differences in Antisocial Behavior and Offending
  5. Neurobiological Research Evaluating the Developmental Taxonomic Theory of Antisocial Behavior
  6. Recidivism and Continuity Versus Discontinuity in Antisocial Behavior
  7. The Emerging Field of Neurocriminology
  8. Conclusions
  9. Notes
  10. Recommended Reading
  11. References
9. 17 Alcohol-Related Aggression and Violence
  1. Introduction
  2. Social-Cognitive Models
  3. Vulnerability Factors in Human and Animal Research
  4. Summary and Future Direction
  5. Note
  6. Recommended Reading
  7. References

Volume 2

Part IV Neurobiological Bases to Risk Factors for Offending
1. 18 Genetic Contributions to the Development of Psychopathic Traits and Antisocial Behavior in Youths
  1. Introduction
  2. Etiology of Callous-Unemotional/Psychopathic Traits from Twin Studies
  3. Molecular Genetic Studies and Callous-Unemotional Traits/Antisocial Behavior
  4. Implications for Interventions and Policy Making
  5. Conclusions
  6. Notes
  7. Recommended Reading
  8. References
2. 19 Developmental Risk Factors
  1. Introduction
  2. Developmental Risk Factors and Offending
  3. Modifying Environmental Risk Factors
  4. Conclusions
  5. Notes
  6. Recommended Reading
  7. References
3. 20 Mental Illness as a Putative Risk Factor for Violence and Aggression
  1. Introduction
  2. Evaluating The Association Between Mental Illness And Violence
  3. Autism
  4. Personality Disorders
  5. Conclusions
  6. Implications for Forensic Practice and Policy
  7. Recommended Reading
  8. References
4. 21 Modifying Risk Factors Building Strengths
  1. Introduction
  2. Strengths-Based Neuroscience
  3. Conclusions and Recommendations
  4. Notes
  5. Recommended Reading
  6. References
Part V Rehabilitation
1. 22 Engaging with Forensic Populations A Biologically Informed Approach
  1. Introduction
  2. Brief Overview of How the Brain Develops and Functions
  3. Trauma and the Brain
  4. What is the Extent of Neurological Problems within Forensic Populations?
  5. What are the Implications for Treatment?
  6. Brain Adaptation
  7. Neural Plasticity Mechanisms in Non-Forensic Clients
  8. Brain Friendly Treatment Approaches
  9. Brain Friendly Approaches that Help Individuals Who Have Executive Functioning Deficits
  10. It's up to You! The Biggest Obstacle to Accessible Delivery is Us
  11. Conclusions
  12. Recommended Reading
  13. References
2. 23 Brain Scanning and Therapeutics: How Do You Know Unless You Look? Neuroimaging Guided Treatment in Forensic Settings
  1. Introduction
  2. Overall Decreased Perfusion Due to Toxicity, Illness, or Substance Abuse
  3. TBI Patterns
  4. Cognitive decline and Neural Degeneration (Dementia)
  5. Hyperfrontality and Negative Emotionality
  6. Hypofrontality and Behavioral Problems
  7. Mood Instability, Memory Problems and Temporal Lobe Abnormalities
  8. Subtyping Dimensional Behavior to Predict Treatment Response: Aggression and Depression
  9. Conclusions: SPECT imaging in forensic populations
  10. Implications for Practice
  11. Notes
  12. Recommended Reading
  13. References
3. 24 Therapy for Acquired Brain Injury
  1. Introduction
  2. Prevalence of ABI Among Offenders
  3. The Neurobiology of Impulsivity and Aggression
  4. Assessment of ABI
  5. A Neurobehavioral Framework for Rehabilitation
  6. Treatment Approaches for ABI
  7. Conclusions
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
4. 25 The Impact of Physical Exercise on Antisocial Behavior: A Neurocognitive Perspective
  1. Introduction
  2. The Link between Cognitive Deficits and Antisocial Behavior
  3. Physical Exercise Enhances Various Aspects of Cognitive Functioning
  4. Hippocampal Abnormalities and Antisocial Behavior
  5. Role of Monoamines in Antisocial Behavior
  6. Insufficient BDNF and Criminogenic Traits
  7. Conclusions and Implications for Practice
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
5. 26 Treating Emotion Dysregulation in Antisocial Behavior: A Neuroscientific Perspective
  1. Introduction
  2. Antisocial Behavior and Impaired Emotion Regulation
  3. Traumatic Early Experiences and Antisocial Behavior
  4. Neural Circuits Underlying Emotion Regulation
  5. Mindfulness
  6. Heart Rate Variability Biofeedback Techniques
  7. Biofeedback Techniques
  8. Conclusions and Implication for Forensic/Practice, Ethical Implications and Policy
  9. Recommended Reading
  10. References
6. 27 The Pharmacological Treatment of Sex Offenders
  1. Introduction
  2. The Rationale for Prescribing Medication in Sexual Offenders
  3. Sex Offending: Behavior or Pathology?
  4. Neurobiological Targets for Prescribing
  5. Medications Used in The Management of Sexual Arousal
  6. Prescribing Protocols
  7. Conclusions and Implications for Practice and Policy
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
7. 28 Understanding and Using Compassion-Focused Therapy in Forensic Settings
  1. Introduction
  2. The Older and Newer Brain – How the Brain Sets Us Up for Difficulties
  3. How Motives Organize the Mind
  4. CFT and the Three Systems of Emotion
  5. The Power of Threat
  6. Attachment and Affiliation
  7. The Nature of Compassion
  8. Skills of Compassion
  9. The Processes of CFT
  10. Developing the Compassionate Self
  11. Conclusions
  12. Implications for Forensic Practice
  13. Notes
  14. Recommended Reading
  15. References
8. 29 The Neurobiology of Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing Therapy
  1. Introduction
  2. The Processes Involved in EMDR
  3. Evidence for the Impact of EMDR
  4. How Trauma Affects the Brain
  5. Memory, PTSD, and the Brain
  6. Mechanisms of Action in EMDR
  7. Eye Movements in EMDR
  8. The Relationship Between EMDR and CBT
  9. EMDR Research and Training
  10. Conclusions
  11. Recommended reading
  12. References
9. 30 Adjusting the Lens: A Developmental Perspective for Treating Youth with Sexual Behavior Problems
  1. Introduction
  2. The Advantages of a Developmental Focus
  3. Developmental Issues and Sexual Behavior Problems
  4. Defining a Developmental Approach
  5. Conclusions
  6. Recommended Reading
  7. References
Part VI Ethical, Legal, and Political Implications
1. 31 The Impact of Neglect, Trauma, and Maltreatment on Neurodevelopment: Implications for Juvenile Justice Practice, Programs, and Policy
  1. Introduction
  2. Key Principles of Neurobiology
  3. Conclusions
  4. Notes
  5. Recommeded Reading
  6. References
2. 32 Forensic Neuropsychology and Violence: Neuroscientific and Legal Implications
  1. Introduction: Violence and Brain Imaging
  2. Biopsychosocial and Neurodevelopmental Risk Factors in Violence
  3. Violence and Specific Diagnoses, Conditions, and Neuropsychological Functioning
  4. Sexual Violence, Neuroimaging, and Neuropsychological Functioning
  5. Forensic and Legal Applications of Neuroscience and the Law
  6. Conclusions
  7. Notes
  8. Recommended Reading
  9. References
3. 33 Forensic Neuropsychology in the Criminal Court: A Socio-legal Perspective
  1. Introduction
  2. Conclusions
  3. Recommended Reading
  4. References
4. 34 Forensic Neuropsychology: Social, Cultural, and Political Implications
  1. Introduction
  2. Antisocial and Pro-Social Behavior in Recent Public Policy
  3. Sociological Accounts of Criminal Behavior
  4. Geographies of Criminality
  5. Conclusions
  6. Notes
  7. Recommended Reading
  8. References
Part VII Conclusions
1. 35 Explanation in Forensic Neuroscience
  1. Introduction
  2. The Neuroscience Perspective
  3. Forensic Neuroscience and the Explanation of Crime
  4. Conclusions
  5. Recommended Reading
  6. References
2. 36 Considerations for the Forensic Practitioner
  1. Introduction
  2. General Neurobiology Research and the Forensic Practitioner
  3. Risk Assessment: A Neuroscientific Perspective
  4. Managing and Supervising Forensic Clients: A Neuroscientifically Informed Approach
  5. Case Formulation: Adding a Neuroscientific Component to the Picture of an Individual
  6. Engaging and Connecting: Neuroscience and Relationships
  7. Rehabilitation: Neuroscience and Change
  8. Future Directions
  9. Conclusions
  10. Recommended Reading
  11. References

Index

EULA

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 A cross (sagittal) section of human brain viewed to illustrate the relative positions of the corpus callosum, cingulate, thalamus, and brainstem.
Figure 2.2 A dorsal (back) view of the brainstem following the removal of the cerebellum in order to show the relative positions of some of the cranial nerve nuclei.
Figure 2.3 Schematic representation of the amygdaloid complex to illustrate the major input–output relations of the major amygdala nuclei.
Figure 2.4 A schematic diagram illustrating the interconnections of major limbic structures.
Figure 2.5 Sketch of the different cellular layers (lamina) of the cerebral cortex – where separate layers can be discerned with layer 5 being dominated by pyramidal projection neurons.
Figure 2.6 Cross section of the cerebral hemispheres showing the positions of the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres and the major sulci/fissures.
Figure 2.7 Illustration of the synapse.

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 The devil examining the head of a boy; three other boys lurk under the devil's wings.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 The basic organization of sexual behavior.
Figure 4.2 Different parts of the hypothalamus (nucleus in the brain) control sexual behavior in men and women.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 An example of risk-taking behavior.
Figure 5.2 Approximate location of the main brain regions associated with sensitivity to reward.
Figure 5.3 Development into adulthood of two systems associated with risk-taking behavior.
Figure 5.4 The interplay between reward sensitivity and behavioral control.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Modal model of emotion regulation.
Figure 6.2 Process model of emotion regulation.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Neural network involved in empathy and caring for others.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 An overview of brain regions associated with deception and the different names that are reported in the literature of deception neuroscience.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 The population of persons with early-onset antisocial behavior that remains stable across the lifespan.
Figure 10.2 Grey matter volumes associated with CD and aggressive behavior among men with schizophrenia and CD and men with CD.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 The social brain in psychiatric and neurological disorders

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 The relationship between age and crime for US males, showing rates of arrest per 100 of the population for index offenses in 1982.
Figure 16.2 The prevalence of DSM-IV Conduct Disorder (CD) in males and females in the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study.

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 The great eight coping skills.
Figure 22.2 Visual summary of the key concepts introduced in this chapter.

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 Toxic surface scan.
Figure 23.2 No alcohol.
Figure 23.3 Alcohol Induced State.
Figure 23.4 Trauma.
Figure 23.5 Transaxial slices.
Figure 23.6 Outside surface scan.
Figure 23.7 Active scan.
Figure 23.8 C's brain SPECT study.

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 Overall and principal domain T-scores from SANOS, reflecting perceived levels of neurobehavioral disability as rated separately by BD and the TDT.
Figure 24.2 Reduction in frequency of aggression as measured using the OAS-MNR Note: “A” – psychoeducational and cognitive rehabilitation groups commenced; “B” – individual GLM assessment and goals initiated; “C” – moved into transitional living flat and began community work; “D” – discharged into own flat.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 The control of testosterone secretion.

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 Older brain and newer brain.
Figure 28.2 Social mentalities of mind.
Figure 28.3 Three types of emotion regulation system.
Figure 28.4 Multi-modal compassionate mind training.

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 How EMDR addresses a target memory.
Figure 29.2 The most important issues for EMDR research Farrell et al., 2013.

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 Efferent distribution of key regulatory networks.
Figure 31.2 Variable effects of stress response activation.
Figure 31.3 Differential stress reactivity.

About the Editors

Anthony R. Beech is an emeritus professor in criminological psychology at the University of Birmingham, UK and a fellow of the BPS. He has authored over 190 peer-reviewed articles, 50 book chapters and six books in the area of forensic science/criminal justice. In 2009 he received the Significant Achievement Award from the Association for the Treatment of Sexual Abusers in Dallas, and the Senior Award from the Division of Forensic Psychology, British Psychological Society. His particular areas of research interests are: risk assessment; the neurobiological bases of offending; reducing online exploitation of children; and increasing psychotherapeutic effectiveness of the treatment given to offenders. His recent research has examined: Internet offending; new approaches to treatment of offenders; and the neurobiological basis of offending.

Adam J. Carter is a chartered and registered forensic psychologist with over 20 years’ experience working in National Offender Management Service (NOMS) and Her Majesty's Prison Service, predominantly in the assessment and treatment of sexual offending. Adam has a number of book chapters and journal articles published on the subject of the assessment and treatment of sexual offending, and is committed to improving practice in these areas. He received his Ph.D. from Leicester University in 2009 and is currently Head of Offence Specialism for Extremism Offending in Interventions Services, Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service, UK.

Ruth E. Mann is employed by Her Majesty's Prison and Probation Service, England and Wales. As Head of Evidence-Based Practice, she monitors and translates research literature and oversees research projects designed to improve criminal justice processes. Previously Ruth managed the national strategy for the assessment and treatment of sexual offending in the prison and probation services. In 2010, Ruth received the BPS Division of Forensic Psychology Senior Award for her contribution to forensic psychology in the UK. Ruth has authored or co-authored over 70 scholarly publications on topics related to the treatment of sexual offending, program evaluations and large-scale studies of risk factors for crime.

Pia Rotshtein is a lecturer at the School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK. She has authored over 70 peer-reviewed publications. Her research interest focuses on understating the neuroscience of complex behaviors and cognition, like those involved in social cognition and emotional processing.

The editors would like to thank Francesca White and Fiona Screen for their hard work on the text, Jane Read for the index, and Baljinder Kaur at Aptara for the typesetting.

The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Forensic Neuroscience

Volume 1 & 2

Volume 1

About the Editors