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Introduction to Plastics Engineering


Introduction to Plastics Engineering


Wiley-ASME Press Series 1. Aufl.

von: Vijay K. Stokes

CHF 169.00

Verlag: Wiley
Format: PDF
Veröffentl.: 01.04.2020
ISBN/EAN: 9781119536543
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 1064

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Beschreibungen

<p><b>The authoritative introduction to all aspects of plastics engineering — offering both academic and industry perspectives in one complete volume.</b> </p> <p><i>Introduction to Plastics Engineering </i>provides a self-contained introduction to plastics engineering. A unique synergistic approach explores all aspects of material use — concepts, mechanics, materials, part design, part fabrication, and assembly — required for converting plastic materials, mainly in the form of small pellets, into useful products. Thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, and advanced composites, the four disparate application areas of polymers normally treated as separate subjects, are covered together.</p> <p>Divided into five parts — Concepts, Mechanics, Materials, Part Processing and Assembly, and Material Systems — this inclusive volume enables readers to gain a well-rounded, foundational knowledge of plastics engineering. Chapters cover topics including the structure of polymers, how concepts from polymer physics explain the macro behavior of plastics, evolving concepts for plastics use, simple mechanics principles and their role in plastics engineering, models for the behavior of solids and fluids, and the mechanisms underlying the stiffening of plastics by embedded fibers. Drawing from his over fifty years in both academia and industry, Author Vijay Stokes uses the synergy between fundamentals and applications to provide a more meaningful introduction to plastics.</p> <ul> <li>Examines every facet of plastics engineering from materials and fabrication methods to advanced composites</li> <li>Provides accurate, up-to-date information for students and engineers both new to plastics and highly experienced with them</li> <li>Offers a practical guide to large number of materials and their applications</li> <li>Addresses current issues for mechanical design, part performance, and part fabrication </li> </ul> <p><i>Introduction to Plastics Engineering</i> is an ideal text for practicing engineers, researchers, and students in mechanical and plastics engineering and related industries.</p>
<p>Series Preface xxix</p> <p>Preface xxxi</p> <p><b>Part I Introduction 1</b></p> <p>Outlines for Chapters 1 and 2</p> <p><b>1 Introductory Survey 3</b></p> <p>1.1 Background 3</p> <p>1.2 Synergy Between Materials Science and Engineering 4</p> <p>1.3 Plastics Engineering as a Process (the Plastics Engineering Process) 7</p> <p>1.4 Types of Plastics 9</p> <p>1.5 Material Characteristics Determine Part Shapes 11</p> <p>1.6 Part Fabrication (Part Processing) 27</p> <p>1.7 Part Performance 28</p> <p>1.8 Assembly 32</p> <p>1.9 Concluding Remarks 33</p> <p><b>2 Evolving Applications of Plastics 35</b></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 35</p> <p>2.2 Consumer Applications 36</p> <p>2.3 Medical Applications 67</p> <p>2.4 Automotive Applications 70</p> <p>2.5 Infrastructure Applications 77</p> <p>2.6 Wind Energy 88</p> <p>2.7 Airline Applications 90</p> <p>2.8 Oil Extraction 91</p> <p>2.9 Mining 92</p> <p>2.10 Concluding Remarks 93</p> <p><b>Part II Mechanics 95</b></p> <p>Outlines for Chapters 3 through 8</p> <p><b>3 Introduction to Stress and Deformation 97</b></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 97</p> <p>3.2 Simple Measures for Load Transfer and Deformation 97</p> <p>3.3 *Strains as Displacement Gradients 99</p> <p>3.4 *Coupling Between Normal and Shear Stresses 101</p> <p>3.5 *Coupling Between Normal and Shear Strains 102</p> <p>3.6 **Two-Dimensional Stress 103</p> <p>3.7 Concluding Remarks 105</p> <p><b>4 Models for Solid Materials 107</b></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 107</p> <p>4.2 Simple Models for the Mechanical Behavior of Solids 107</p> <p>4.3 Elastic Materials 108</p> <p>4.4 *Anisotropic Materials 109</p> <p>4.5 Thermoelastic Effects 111</p> <p>4.6 Plasticity 113</p> <p>4.7 Concluding Remarks 116</p> <p><b>5 Simple Structural Elements 119</b></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 119</p> <p>5.2 Bending of Beams 119</p> <p>5.3 Deflection of Prismatic Beams 123</p> <p>5.4 Torsion of Thin-Walled Circular Tubes 127</p> <p>5.5 Torsion of Thin Rectangular Bars and Open Sections 129</p> <p>5.6 Torsion of Thin-Walled Tubes 130</p> <p>5.7 *Torsion of Multicellular Sections 131</p> <p>5.8 Introduction to Elastic Stability 133</p> <p>5.9 *Elastic Stability of an Axially Loaded Column 138</p> <p>5.10 Twist-Bend Buckling of a Cantilever 142</p> <p>5.11 Stress Concentration 142</p> <p>5.12 The Role of Numerical Methods 145</p> <p>5.13 Concluding Remarks 145</p> <p><b>6 Models for Liquids 147</b></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 147</p> <p>6.2 Simple Models for Heat Conduction 147</p> <p>6.3 Kinematics of Fluid Flow 149</p> <p>6.4 Equations Governing One-Dimensional Fluid Flow 151</p> <p>6.5 Simple Models for the Mechanical Behavior of Liquids 157</p> <p>6.6 Simple One-Dimensional Flows 159</p> <p>6.7 Polymer Rheology 171</p> <p>6.8 Concluding Remarks 173</p> <p><b>7 Linear Viscoelasticity 175</b></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 175</p> <p>7.2 Phenomenology of Viscoelasticity 176</p> <p>7.3 Linear Viscoelasticity 179</p> <p>7.4 Simple Models for Stress Relaxation and Creep 182</p> <p>7.5 Response for Constant Strain Rates 189</p> <p>7.6 *Sinusoidal Shearing 190</p> <p>7.6.1 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 191</p> <p>7.6.1.1 DMA Curves for Three-Parameter Model 192</p> <p>7.6.2 *Energy Storage and Loss 192</p> <p>7.7 Isothermal Temperature Effects 193</p> <p>7.7.1 Thermorheologically Simple Materials 194</p> <p>7.7.2 Physical Interpretation for Time-Temperature Shift 195</p> <p>7.8 *Variable Temperature Histories 195</p> <p>7.9 *Cooling of a Constrained Bar 196</p> <p>7.10 Concluding Remarks 196</p> <p><b>8 Stiffening Mechanisms 199</b></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 199</p> <p>8.2 Continuous Fiber Reinforcement 199</p> <p>8.3 Discontinuous Fiber Reinforcement 203</p> <p>8.4 The Halpin–Tsai Equations 211</p> <p>8.5 Reinforcing Materials 211</p> <p>8.6 Concluding Remarks 213</p> <p>Further Reading 213</p> <p><b>Part III Materials 215</b></p> <p>Outlines for Chapters 9 through 15</p> <p><b>9 Introduction to Polymers 217</b></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 217</p> <p>9.2 Thermoplastics 217</p> <p>9.3 Molecular Weight Distributions 226</p> <p>9.4 Thermosets 227</p> <p>9.5 Concluding Remarks 227</p> <p><b>10 Concepts from Polymer Physics 229</b></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 229</p> <p>10.2 Chain Conformations 229</p> <p>10.3 Amorphous Polymers 234</p> <p>10.4 Semicrystalline Polymers 240</p> <p>10.5 Liquid Crystal Polymers 243</p> <p>10.6 Concluding Remarks 245</p> <p><b>11 Structure, Properties, and Applications of Plastics 247</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 247</p> <p>11.2 Resin Grades 248</p> <p>11.3 Additives and Modifiers 248</p> <p>11.4 Polyolefins 251</p> <p>11.5 Vinyl Polymers 254</p> <p>11.6 High-Performance Polymers 258</p> <p>11.7 High-Temperature Polymers 265</p> <p>11.8 Cyclic Polymers 271</p> <p>11.9 Thermoplastic Elastomers 272</p> <p>11.10 Historical Notes 273</p> <p>11.11 Concluding Remarks 274</p> <p><b>12 Blends and Alloys 277</b></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 277</p> <p>12.2 Blends 278</p> <p>12.3 Historical Notes 282</p> <p>12.4 Concluding Remarks 282</p> <p><b>13 Thermoset Materials 285</b></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 285</p> <p>13.2 Thermosetting Resins 285</p> <p>13.3 High-Temperature Thermosets 296</p> <p>13.4 Thermoset Elastomers 304</p> <p>13.5 Historical Notes 309</p> <p>13.6 Concluding Remarks 311</p> <p><b>14 Polymer Viscoelasticity 313</b></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 313</p> <p>14.2 Phenomenology of Polymer Viscoelasticity 313</p> <p>14.3 Time-Temperature Superposition 319</p> <p>14.4 Sinusoidal Oscillatory Tests 323</p> <p>14.5 Concluding Remarks 328</p> <p><b>15 Mechanical Behavior of Plastics 331</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 331</p> <p>15.2 Deformation Phenomenology of Polycarbonate 332</p> <p>15.3 Tensile Characteristics of PEI 360</p> <p>15.4 Deformation Phenomenology of PBT 363</p> <p>15.5 Stress-Deformation Behavior of Several Plastics 376</p> <p>15.6 Phenomenon of Crazing 387</p> <p>15.7 *Multiaxial Yield 393</p> <p>15.8 *Fracture 401</p> <p>15.9 Fatigue 403</p> <p>15.10 Impact Loading 412</p> <p>15.11 Creep 419</p> <p>15.12 Stress-Deformation Behavior of Thermoset Elastomers 419</p> <p>15.13 Concluding Remarks 420</p> <p>Further Reading 420</p> <p><b>Part IV Part Processing and Assembly 421</b></p> <p>Outlines for Chapters 16 through 21</p> <p><b>16 Classification of Part Shaping Methods 423</b></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 423</p> <p>16.2 Part Fabrication (Processing) Methods for Thermoplastics 424</p> <p>16.3 Evolution of Part Shaping Methods 429</p> <p>16.4 Effects of Processing on Part Performance 431</p> <p>16.5 Bulk Processing Methods for Thermoplastics 439</p> <p>16.6 Part Processing Methods for Thermosets 440</p> <p>16.7 Part Processing Methods Advanced Composites 442</p> <p>16.8 Processing Methods for Rubber Parts 443</p> <p>16.9 Concluding Remarks 445</p> <p><b>17 Injection Molding and Its Variants 447</b></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 447</p> <p>17.2 Process Elements 447</p> <p>17.3 Fountain Flow 462</p> <p>17.4 Part Morphology 473</p> <p>17.5 Part Design 475</p> <p>17.6 Large- Versus Small-Part Molding 493</p> <p>17.7 Molding Practice 504</p> <p>17.8 Variants of Injection Molding 526</p> <p>17.8.7 In-Mold Decoration and Lamination 552</p> <p>17.9 Concluding Remarks 553</p> <p>References 553</p> <p><b>18 Dimensional Stability and Residual Stresses 555</b></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 555</p> <p>18.2 Problem Complexity 556</p> <p>18.3 Shrinkage Phenomenology 556</p> <p>18.4 Pressure-Temperature Volumetric Data 563</p> <p>18.5 Simple Model for How Processing Affects Shrinkage 567</p> <p>18.6 *Solidification of a Molten Layer 578</p> <p>18.7 **Viscoelastic Solidification Model 585</p> <p>18.8 **Warpage Induced by Differential Mold-Surface Temperatures 602</p> <p>18.9 Concluding Remarks 609</p> <p><b>19 Alternatives to Injection Molding 615</b></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 615</p> <p>19.2 Extrusion 615</p> <p>19.3 Blow Molding 627</p> <p>19.4 Rotational Molding 643</p> <p>19.5 Thermoforming 659</p> <p>19.6 Expanded Bead and Extruded Foam 669</p> <p>19.7 3D Printing 670</p> <p>19.8 Concluding Remarks 672</p> <p><b>20 Fabrication Methods for Thermosets 675</b></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 675</p> <p>20.2 Gel Point and Curing 675</p> <p>20.3 Compression Molding 678</p> <p>20.4 Transfer Molding 681</p> <p>20.5 Injection Molding 681</p> <p>20.6 Reaction Injection Molding (RIM) 683</p> <p>20.7 Open Mold Forming 685</p> <p>20.8 Fabrication of Advanced Composites 686</p> <p>20.9 Fabrication of Rubber Parts 698</p> <p>20.10 Concluding Remarks 708</p> <p><b>21 Joining of Plastics 711</b></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 711</p> <p>21.2 Classification of Joining Methods 712</p> <p>21.3 Mechanical Fastening 713</p> <p>21.4 Adhesive Bonding 721</p> <p>21.5 Welding 722</p> <p>21.6 Thermal Bonding 723</p> <p>21.7 Friction Welding 741</p> <p>21.8 Electromagnetic Bonding 762</p> <p>21.9 Concluding Remarks 770</p> <p><b>Part V Material Systems 771</b></p> <p>Outlines for Chapters 22 through 25</p> <p><b>22 Fiber-Filled Material Materials – Materials with Microstructure 773</b></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 773</p> <p>22.2 Fiber Types 773</p> <p>22.3 Processing Issues 774</p> <p>22.4 Material Complexity 774</p> <p>22.5 Tensile and Flexural Moduli 780</p> <p>22.6 Short-Fiber-Filled Systems 784</p> <p>22.7 Long-Fiber Filled Systems 817</p> <p>22.8 *Fiber Orientation 833</p> <p>22.9 Concluding Remarks 851</p> <p><b>23 Structural Foams –Materials with Millistructure 853</b></p> <p>23.1 Introduction 853</p> <p>23.2 Material Complexity 855</p> <p>23.3 Foams as Nonhomogeneous Continua 856</p> <p>23.4 Effective Bending Modulus for Thin-Walled Prismatic Beams 860</p> <p>23.5 Skin-Core Models for Structural Foams 863</p> <p>23.6 Stiffness and Strength of Structural Foams 866</p> <p>23.7 The Average Density and the Effective Tensile and Flexural Moduli of Foams 879</p> <p>23.8 Density and Modulus Variation Correlations 884</p> <p>23.9 Flexural Modulus 887</p> <p>23.10 **Torsion of Nonhomogeneous Bars 890</p> <p>23.11 Implications for Mechanical Design 898</p> <p>23.12 Concluding Remarks 899</p> <p><b>24 Random Glass Mat Composites –Materials with Macrostructure 901</b></p> <p>24.1 Introduction 901</p> <p>24.2 GMT Processing 901</p> <p>24.3 Problem Complexity 904</p> <p>24.4 Effective Tensile and Flexural Moduli of Nonhomogeneous Materials 906</p> <p>24.5 Insights from Model Materials 909</p> <p>24.6 Characterization of the Tensile Modulus 921</p> <p>24.7 Characterization of the Tensile Strength 924</p> <p>24.8 Statistical Characterization of the Tensile Modulus Experimental Data 934</p> <p>24.9 Statistical Properties of Tensile Modulus Data Sets 943</p> <p>24.10 Gauge-Length Effects and Large-Scale Material Stiffness 946</p> <p>24.11 Methodology for Predicting the Stiffness of Parts 951</p> <p>24.12 *Statistical Approach to Strength 962</p> <p>24.13 Implications for Mechanical Design 969</p> <p>24.14 Concluding Remarks 969</p> <p><b>25 Advanced Composites –Materials with Well-Defined Reinforcement Architectures 973</b></p> <p>25.1 Introduction 973</p> <p>25.2 Resins, Fibers, and Fabrics 974</p> <p>25.3 Advanced Composites 977</p> <p>25.4 Rubber-Based Composites 990</p> <p>25.5 Concluding Remarks 1008</p> <p>Index 1011</p>
Although Author Dr. Vijay Stokes humbly includes ″introduction″ in the book title, the treatment in this book is quite extensive and inclusive, with 25 chapters and over 1000 pages. This volume essentially contains every facet of plastics engineering from materials and fabrication methods to advanced composites. It endorses a unique synergistic approach to implementing the ideas of mechanistic principles and polymer physics to practical applications of polymers and composites. Engineers are natural readers of this book. In this book, concepts from polymer physics explain the macro behavior of plastics, including deformation, flow and rheology, which are of vital importance in design and fabrication with plastics. Engineers would therefore learn the new tool sets to tailor plastics in various engineering applications. Materials scientists who have an interest in applications of polymers would greatly benefit from this book as well. The book also contains detailed derivations and design analysis and may be used as a textbook for college seniors or students at an introductory graduate level. --Professor Donggang Yao, <i>Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering </i> <p>The book, Introduction of Plastics Engineering, is a great resource both for students beginning to learn about plastics, and for practicing engineers trying to clarify concepts unique to polymers. The author writes that he started working on plastics in mid career;the learning process he went through is reflected in how he has organized the material in the over 1000 pages in this book. It works. As a reviewer who has worked with polymers for almost four decades, I give this book high marks. --Professor Tim A. Osswald<i>, International Polymer Processing <br /><br /></i>Overall, this is an important addition to the plastics engineering series available in the market. While most books on plastics engineering emphasize materials' aspects and most design books are based on mechanical engineering concepts, this book uses mechanics based engineering principles to understand plastics engineering. Hence, the book covers the existing gap. The principles are discussed with basic knowledge of mathematics and easy to follow. --Professor Anil K. Bhowmick, <i>AIChE Journal<br /></i><br />This expansive 1000-page book authored by Professor Stokes is certainly a great addition to the bookshelves of both practicing plastics engineers and academics… Each chapter of the book has been put together meticulously and thoughtfully with informative illustrations, mechanics-based models, and empirical data. With many chapters of the book containing author’s own works besides others, the monograph is very authentic and I strongly recommend it as a textbook and research monograph. --Professor Hareesh Tippur, <i>Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology</i></p> <p><i> </i></p>
<p><b>Vijay Kumar Stokes, PhD (Princeton),</b> joined IIT Kanpur in 1964, where he served as the Head of the Mechanical Engineering Department (1974-1977) and as the Convener of the Nuclear Engineering and Technology Program (1977-1978). In 1978, he joined GE Corporate Research & Development, where for 15 years he worked on plastics. Professor Stokes is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the Institution of Engineers (India), and the Society of Plastics Engineers.
<p><b>Introduction to Plastics Engineering</b> <p><b>The authoritative introduction to all aspects of plastics engineering — offering both academic and industry perspectives in one complete volume.</b> <p><i>Introduction to Plastics Engineering</i> provides a self-contained introduction to plastics engineering. A unique synergistic approach explores all aspects of material use — concepts, mechanics, materials, part design, part fabrication, and assembly — required for converting plastic materials, mainly in the form of small pellets, into useful products. Thermoplastics, thermosets, elastomers, and advanced composites, the four disparate application areas of polymers normally treated as separate subjects, are covered together. <p>Divided into five parts — Concepts, Mechanics, Materials, Part Processing and Assembly, and Material Systems — this inclusive volume enables readers to gain a well-rounded, foundational knowledge of plastics engineering. Chapters cover topics including the structure of polymers, how concepts from polymer physics explain the macro behavior of plastics, evolving concepts for plastics use, simple mechanics principles and their role in plastics engineering, models for the behavior of solids and fluids, and the mechanisms underlying the stiffening of plastics by embedded fibers. Drawing from his over fifty years in both academia and industry, Author Vijay Stokes uses the synergy between fundamentals and applications to provide a more meaningful introduction to plastics. <ul> <li> Examines every facet of plastics engineering from materials and fabrication methods to advanced composites</li> <li> Provides accurate, up-to-date information for students and engineers both new to plastics and highly experienced with them</li> <li> Offers a practical guide to large number of materials and their applications</li> <li> Addresses current issues for mechanical design, part performance, and part fabrication</li> </ul> <p><i>Introduction to Plastics Engineering</i> is an ideal text for practicing engineers, researchers, and students in mechanical and plastics engineering and related industries.

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