reading

Cover
Preface – Why This Book?
Acknowledgments
About the Author
1 Plant from Design to Commissioning
1. 1.1 Planning
2. 1.2 Project Development
3. 1.3 Precommissioning and Commissioning
4. 1.4 Project Economics
5. Reference
6. Note
2 Plant Key One‐Line Diagram
1. 2.1 One‐Line Diagrams
2. 2.2 The Electrical Project
3. 2.3 Site Conditions
4. 2.4 Connection to Power Utility
5. 2.5 Main Plant Substation
6. 2.6 Load Site Placement
7. 2.7 The Key One‐Line Diagram
8. 2.8 Transformer System Grounding
9. 2.9 Transformer Winding Configurations and Phasing
10. 2.10 Standby Power
11. 2.11 Insulation Coordination
12. 2.12 Plant Control System
13. 2.13 Fire Protection
14. Reference
15. Note
3 Switching Equipment
1. 3.1 MV Switchgear
2. 3.2 Circuit Breakers
3. 3.3 MV MCC Motor Controllers
4. 3.4 LV Unit Substations
5. 3.5 Motor Control Centers (MCCs)
6. References
4 Designing Plant Layout
1. 4.1 Plant Power Distribution Routes
2. 4.2 Underground Installations
3. 4.3 Plant Electrical Rooms
4. 4.4 Plant Design
5. 4.5 Transformer Vault Design
6. 4.6 Plant Control Rooms
7. References
5 System Grounding
1. 5.1 Methods of Grounding
2. 5.2 Specific Applications
3. References
6 Site and Equipment Grounding
1. 6.1 Requirements
2. 6.2 Ground Potential Rise and Step and Touch Potential
3. 6.3 Computer Study Report
4. 6.4 Below Ground Equipment Grounding
5. 6.5 Above Ground Equipment Grounding
6. 6.6 Telecommunications in HV Substations
7. 6.7 Fence Grounding
8. 6.8 Plant Control System Grounding
9. 6.9 Overhead Line Grounding
10. 6.10 Remote Site Grounding
11. 6.11 Effect of Overhead Ground Wires and Neutral Conductors
12. References
7 Plant Lighting
1. 7.1 The Big Picture
2. 7.2 Lighting Design Criteria
3. 7.3 Definitions
4. 7.4 Illumination Level
5. 7.5 Outdoor Building and Road Lighting
6. 7.6 Lighting Hardware
7. 7.7 Lamps Inside the Fixtures
8. References
8 DC System, UPS
1. 8.1 Project Requirements
2. 8.2 DC Battery and Chargers
3. 8.3 Battery Chargers
4. 8.4 Ratings
5. 8.5 Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
6. References
9 Plant Power Distribution
1. 9.1 Plant Overhead Distribution
2. 9.2 Types of Distribution
3. 9.3 Structure (Pole) Types
4. 9.4 Overhead vs. Underground
5. 9.5 Clearances
6. 9.6 Line Voltage Drop Calculations
7. 9.7 Power Loss Calculations
8. 9.8 Line Conductor Sag and Tension
9. 9.9 Aerial Bundled Cable (ABC) Distribution
10. 9.10 Line and Cable Charging Current
11. References
10 Insulation Coordination, Lightning Protection
1. 10.1 Economic Design
2. 10.2 Overvoltages
3. 10.3 Lightning Wave Phenomena and Propagation
4. 10.4 Equipment Testing
5. 10.5 Shielding
6. 10.6 Equipment Withstand Capability
7. 10.7 Arrester Selection
8. 10.8 Motor Surge Protection
9. 10.9 Building Lightning Protection
10. References
11 Voltage and Phasing Standards
1. 11.1 Supply and Utilization Voltages
2. 11.2 System Phase Sequence
3. 11.3 World Plugs/Sockets
4. References
12 Cables and Supporting Equipment
1. 12.1 Cables
2. 12.2 Power Cables
3. 12.3 Control and Instrumentation Cables
4. 12.4 Specialty Cables
5. 12.5 Cable Trays
6. 12.6 Conduits and Accessories
7. 12.7 Bus Duct or Cable Bus Systems
8. References
9. Note
13 Power Factor Correction
1. 13.1 Power Factor and Penalties for Low pf
2. 13.2 Leading and Lagging Power Factor
3. 13.3 pf Correction
4. 13.4 Power Factor at Diesel Engine Generating Plant
5. 13.5 Voltage Improvement by Adding Capacitors
6. 13.6 Harmonic Issues with the Capacitors
7. 13.7 Other Applications
8. References
14 Motor Selection
1. 14.1 Motor Selection
2. 14.2 Motor Characteristics
3. 14.3 NEMA Torque Classification (Design Code)
4. 14.4 NEMA, IEC Frame Sizes
5. 14.5 NEMA Starter Sizes
6. 14.6 Motor Enclosures
7. 14.7 Large Motor Starting
8. 14.8 Synchronous Motors
9. 14.9 Motor Service Factor
10. 14.10 Motor Starting Criteria
11. 14.11 Premium Efficiency Motors
12. References
15 Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) and Harmonics
1. 15.1 Why Are Variable Frequency Drives (VFDs) Needed?
2. 15.2 Vector VFDs for Low‐Speed Operation
3. 15.3 VFDs: Variable or Constant Torque?
4. 15.4 Regenerative VFDs
5. 15.5 Motor and Cable Harmonics Issues
6. 15.6 How to Mitigate the Harmonics?
7. 15.7 Harmonic Order Limits
8. References
9. Note
16 Relay Protection and Coordination
1. 16.1 The Objective
2. 16.2 IEEE Equipment and Device Designation
3. 16.3 CTs and PTs
4. 16.4 Relay Protection
5. 16.5 Major Equipment Protection
6. 16.6 Relay Coordination
7. 16.7 Protection Function Elements
8. 16.8 Time Grading
9. 16.9 Time–Current Grading
10. 16.10 Reclosing
11. 16.11 Load Shedding and Automatic Quick Start of Generators
12. 16.12 (86) Lockout and (94) Self‐Reset Trip Relays
13. References
17 Plant Automation and Data Networking
1. 17.1 Plant Control
2. 17.2 Motor Controls Integration
3. 17.3 Human Machine Interface (HMI)
4. 17.4 PLC or DCS: What Is the Difference?
5. 17.5 Data Networking
6. 17.6 Means of Communication
7. 17.7 Web‐based HMI
8. 17.8 SCADA Applications and Communication Protocols in Power Industry
9. References
18 Generation
1. 18.1 Types of Generating Plants
2. 18.2 Governors
3. 18.3 Excitation: Control for Voltage and Reactive Power
4. 18.4 Generator Circuit Breaker
5. 18.5 Generator Step‐up Transformers
6. 18.6 Heat‐Rate Curve
7. 18.7 Hydraulic Turbine Cavitation
8. 18.8 Generator Cooling
9. 18.9 Plant Black Start
10. 18.10 Synchronous Motor
11. 18.11 Plant Capacity and Availability Factors
12. References
19 Power Dispatch and Control
1. 19.1 Plant and System Operation
2. 19.2 Load – Frequency Control
3. 19.3 Voltage Reactive Power Control
4. 19.4 Line Transfers, Import/Export Power
5. References
20 Diesel Engine Generator Plant and Standby Power
1. 20.1 Gen‐Set Ratings and Classifications
2. 20.2 Plant Design
3. 20.3 Unit Performance
4. 20.4 Plant Electrical One Line Diagram
5. 20.5 Waste Heat Recovery (WHR)
6. 20.6 Engines for Ships
7. References
8. Note
21 Reliability Considerations and Calculations
1. 21.1 Definitions
2. 21.2 Basic Reliability Engineering Concepts
3. 21.3 Different Failure Rates vs. Time Scenarios
4. 21.4 Estimating the System Reliability
5. 21.5 Common Mode Failure
6. 21.6 Availability
7. References
22 Fire Protection
1. 22.1 Plant Fire Protection System
2. 22.2 Fire Sprinkler Systems
3. 22.3 Gas Flooding Suppression
4. 22.4 Fire Hydrants and Standpipes
5. 22.5 Portable Fire Extinguishers
6. 22.6 Fire Safety Dampers and Duct Vents
7. 22.7 Deluge Systems
8. 22.8 Fire Water Supply System
9. 22.9 Cables and Conduits used for Fire Protection Circuits
10. 22.10 Fire Detection and Notification Witness Testing
11. References
23 Corrosion, Cathodic Protection
1. 23.1 Process of Corrosion and Cathodic Protection
2. 23.2 Galvanized Steel
3. 23.3 Sacrificial Anodes
4. 23.4 Impressed Current Application
5. 23.5 Soil Resistivity
6. 23.6 Cathodic Protection for Ships
7. 23.7 Corrosion due to H2S Gas
8. References
24 Brief Equipment Specifications and Data Sheets
1. 24.1 Power Transformers
2. 24.2 Motors up to 200 kW
3. 24.3 Motors > 200 kW (Medium Voltage Motors)
4. 24.4 VFD Specification Requirements
5. 24.5 13.8 kV Isolated Phase Bus + PTs (IPB)
6. 24.6 Electrical Enclosures
7. 24.7 Technical Data Sheets
8. References
25 Solar Power
1. 25.1 Solar Resource
2. 25.2 PV Panel Technology
3. 25.3 Photovoltaic Plants
4. 25.4 CSP
5. 25.5 Thermal Storage
6. 25.6 Conclusion
7. References
26 Wind Power
1. 26.1 Siting a Wind Farm
2. 26.2 Wind Turbine Tower
3. 26.3 Wind Resource
4. 26.4 Wind Turbulence
5. 26.5 Wind Turbine Design Classification
6. 26.6 Blade Design for Optimum Energy Capture
7. 26.7 Individual Pitch (Blade) Control (IPC)
8. 26.8 Wind Turbine Design Limits
9. 26.9 Wind Turbine Components
10. 26.10 Generators Used with Wind Turbines
11. 26.11 Turbine Sizes
12. 26.12 Building a Wind Farm
13. 26.13 Wind Energy in Cold Climates
14. 26.14 The Effect of Rain on the Wind Turbine Performance
15. 26.15 Wind Turbines in the Desert Environment
16. 26.16 Cost, Component Percentage Share
17. References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Load list (simplified).
2. Table 1.2 Cable list (simplified).
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 Secondary voltage for primary grid voltage.
2. Table 2.2 Connected load.
3. Table 2.3 Load list.
4. Table 2.4 System BILs.
5. Table 2.5 System lightning arresters.
Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 MV switchgear ratings, ANSI Standards.
2. Table 3.2 MV switchgear ratings, IEC Standards.
3. Table 3.3 Breaker loading.
4. Table 3.4 MV contactor duty.
5. Table 3.5 Dry‐type transformers.
6. Table 3.6 Load break switch ratings.
7. Table 3.7 Starter selection.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Grounding.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Fixtures and switching by area (actual project).
2. Table 7.2 Illumination level for various areas.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 ACSR line conductors.
2. Table 9.2 Line characteristics.
3. Table 9.3 Clearance in meters, vertical measurement.
4. Table 9.4 Phase clearances.
5. Table 9.5 Selected conductors.
6. Table 9.6 Shunt capacitance and charging currents for selected circuits.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Standard BIL levels.
2. Table 10.2 Arrester ratings for grounded/ungrounded systems.
3. Table 10.3 IEEE MCOV and IEC (U _k) minimum ratings [6,9].
4. Table 10.4 Line shielding.
5. Table 10.5 NFPA Std. 780 Material Classifications for Lightning Systems
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 World's typical voltages.
2. Table 11.2 Nominal low voltages.
3. Table 11.3 Equipment voltages, three phase, AC > 1 kV < 35 kV.
4. Table 11.4 Transmission voltages (kV).
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Insulation characteristics.
2. Table 12.2 Cable comparisons in USA and IEC used in Europe and Asia.
3. Table 12.3 NEMA tray class.
4. Table 12.4 CSA load classification (maximum design load for maximum associate...
5. Table 12.5 Cable ampacity.
6. Table 12.6 Cable bus ampacity comparison.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 VAR power flow.
2. Table 13.2 Correction needed for 100 kW motor.
3. Table 13.3 Maximum capacitor kVAR for use with 3 ph 60 Hz motors (NEC code).
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Supply voltage change.
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Motor/cable wave reflection.
2. Table 15.2 Harmonic correction.
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Standard PT burdens.
2. Table 16.2 Standard CT burdens.
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Machine floor networking.
2. Table 17.2 RG coax characteristics.
3. Table 17.3 UTP cable application.
4. Table 17.4 Ethernet connections.
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Capacity factors in the UK.
Chapter 20
1. Table 20.1 Diesel engine fuel consumption.
2. Table 20.2 Coolant distribution.
3. Table 20.3 Engine performance, base load.
4. Table 20.4 Engine percentage of loading performance.
Chapter 22
1. Table 22.1 Water tank capacity.
Chapter 23
1. Table 23.1 Metal solution potentials.
2. Table 23.2 Human health effects by H₂S sponsored by WHO (UN).
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Plant phasing diagram.
2. Table 24.2 Transformer insulation class.
3. Table 24.3 NEMA type enclosures.
4. Table 24.4 NEMA Type Enclosures
5. Table 24.5 NEMA/IEC compatibility.
6. Table 24.6 IP enclosures degree of protection.
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1 Wind classification.
2. Table 26.2 Cable ampacity.
3. Table 26.3 Typical utility interconnection requirements.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Project development.
2. Figure 1.2 Cost of change.
3. Figure 1.3 Motor wiring diagram with PLC module.
4. Figure 1.4 Motor wiring diagram to DeviceNet communication module.
5. Figure 1.5 Three‐phase tester.
6. Figure 1.6 Plant handover procedure.
7. Figure 1.7 Plant interlocks, hard wired and software.
8. Figure 1.8 Typical LCOE cost ranges and weighted averages for electricity ge...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Part of a plant one line diagram.
2. Figure 2.2 Part of plant flow diagram.
3. Figure 2.3 A part of a P&ID diagram.
4. Figure 2.4 Large oil filled transformer.
5. Figure 2.5 245 kV circuit breaker.
6. Figure 2.6 Double and single incomer diagram.
7. Figure 2.7 Key one‐line diagram.
8. Figure 2.8 Plant MV switchgear.
9. Figure 2.9 4.16 kV motor controller assembly.
10. Figure 2.10 Part of LV switchgear.
11. Figure 2.11 Switchgear breaker interlocks.
12. Figure 2.12 Distribution line.
13. Figure 2.13 Plant phasing diagram.
14. Figure 2.14 Standby generator.
15. Figure 2.15 Lightning arrester.
16. Figure 2.16 BIL impulse wave shape.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 (a) MV switchgear and (b) circuit breaker.
2. Figure 3.2 Arc flash accident.
3. Figure 3.3 Personal protective equipment.
4. Figure 3.4 MV MCC controller assembly.
5. Figure 3.5 Motor protection chart.
6. Figure 3.6 MV motor controller basic circuit.
7. Figure 3.7 Unit substations for LV distribution.
8. Figure 3.8 (a) LV substation – double ended. (b) LV draw‐out circuit breaker...
9. Figure 3.9 LV breaker adjustable operating curves
10. Figure 3.10 LV MCC assembly.
11. Figure 3.11 MCC starter bucket.
12. Figure 3.12 A family of circuit breakers [8].
13. Figure 3.13 Breaker time – current characteristic.
14. Figure 3.14 Electronic overload.
15. Figure 3.15 HMCP adjustable breakers.
16. Figure 3.16 Typical motor protection with breakers.
17. Figure 3.17 Motor protected by Fuse.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Permafrost temperature.
2. Figure 4.2 HV outdoor substation.
3. Figure 4.3 Concrete PVC duct bank.
4. Figure 4.4 Cable duct installation.
5. Figure 4.5 (a and b) Soil heat resistivity charts.
6. Figure 4.6 Prefabricated electrical room.
7. Figure 4.7 Unistrut channels.
8. Figure 4.8 Transformers, fire barrier walls.
9. Figure 4.9 Plant control room.
10. Figure 4.10 CR tile floor.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Neutral point solid grounding.
2. Figure 5.2 Neutral point resistance grounding.
3. Figure 5.3 Method of grounding and equivalent circuits.
4. Figure 5.4 Unit G grounding.
5. Figure 5.5 Grounding Zg transformer.
6. Figure 5.6 Zg grounding transformer.
7. Figure 5.7 Fault currents in Y/Δ transformer.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 (a) Wenner four‐pin method and (b) three‐point fall of potential ...
2. Figure 6.2 Part of plant grounding grid (mesh).
3. Figure 6.3 Step and touch potential.
4. Figure 6.4 GPR equipotential contours.
5. Figure 6.5 Cadweld underground connections.
6. Figure 6.6 Cadweld connections.
7. Figure 6.7 Rebar connection.
8. Figure 6.8 Mechanical crimp connections.
9. Figure 6.9 Motor base grounding.
10. Figure 6.10 Fence grounding.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 ATS.
2. Figure 7.2 (a) Battery power pack, (b) exit light, and (c) exit light with l...
3. Figure 7.3 Illuminance level (an average illumination of 300 lx was required...
4. Figure 7.4 Light distribution (a) for indoors and (b) for street lighting do...
5. Figure 7.5 Photometric cone diagram.
6. Figure 7.6 Lighting transformers.
7. Figure 7.7 Fluorescent fixture with glare diffuser.
8. Figure 7.8 (a) Industrial fluorescent, (b) roadway LED, and (c) hi‐bay HPS....
9. Figure 7.9 Lighting panel.
10. Figure 7.10 Receptacles (outlets).
11. Figure 7.11 Welding outlet.
12. Figure 7.12 Lamp CRI color rendering code.
13. Figure 7.13 Light color temperature.
14. Figure 7.14 Light spectra.
15. Figure 7.15 Fluorescent, (a) cool and (b) warm.
16. Figure 7.16 LPS lamp.
17. Figure 7.17 LED technology.
18. Figure 7.18 LED beams.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Battery (a) discharge and (b) charge process.
2. Figure 8.2 Typical battery ampere‐hour capacity and hourly discharge..
3. Figure 8.3 Internal plate connections.
4. Figure 8.4 Battery life and temperature dependency.
5. Figure 8.5 Battery rack.
6. Figure 8.6 Charger and UPS.
7. Figure 8.7 DC system connection diagram.
8. Figure 8.8 Continuous UPS.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Multicircuit overhead line.
2. Figure 9.2 ACSR conductor.
3. Figure 9.3 (a–d) Types of plant distribution.
4. Figure 9.4 Circuit transition point.
5. Figure 9.5 Relationship between resistance, reactance, and impedance for con...
6. Figure 9.6 Line loading.
7. Figure 9.7 Voltage drop for line load at end of line.
8. Figure 9.8 Voltage drop for not equally distributed load.
9. Figure 9.9 Voltage drop for equally distributed load.
10. Figure 9.10 Line loss calculations.
11. Figure 9.11 ABC cable installation.
12. Figure 9.12 ABC cable composition.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Arresters in HV substation.
2. Figure 10.2 Lightning strike.
3. Figure 10.3 World isokeraunic map by NASA.
4. Figure 10.4 Test voltage and current waveshapes.
5. Figure 10.5 Impulse wave shape.
6. Figure 10.6 Impulse test connection.
7. Figure 10.7 Ground flash density of USA.
8. Figure 10.8 Equipment withstand capability.
9. Figure 10.9 MV pole arrester.
10. Figure 10.10 MV arrester performance chart.
11. Figure 10.11 V–I chart of a ZnO arrester for 420 kV system with earthed neut...
12. Figure 10.12 Lightning aerial base.
13. Figure 10.13 Air terminal height.
14. Figure 10.14 Protection of low‐rise buildings ≤7.6 m.
15. Figure 10.15 Protection of buildings >15 m.
16. Figure 10.16 Cadweld underground connections.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 World voltage and frequency map.
2. Figure 11.2 CCW phase sequence.
3. Figure 11.3 Three phase power.
4. Figure 11.4 (a, b) Phase sequence based on rotor rotation.
5. Figure 11.5 Changes due to phase sequence error. UAT = unit auxiliary transf...
6. Figure 11.6 World plug map by type.
7. Figure 11.7 World plug and socket types.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 3c+g (Three conductors + ground) LV power cable.
2. Figure 12.2 Cable electrical field.
3. Figure 12.3 Cables with armor and jacket.
4. Figure 12.4 Cable protection by circuit breaker (CB).
5. Figure 12.5 Cable short circuit thermal withstand.
6. Figure 12.6 MV power cables.
7. Figure 12.7 300 kV cable.
8. Figure 12.8 (a) Cable gland, (b) conductor lugs, (c) one phase stress cone, ...
9. Figure 12.9 Spade lug.
10. Figure 12.10 Control cables.
11. Figure 12.11 Ethernet cable.
12. Figure 12.12 DeviceNet cable.
13. Figure 12.13 Fiber optic (FO) cables.
14. Figure 12.14 Ladder tray.
15. Figure 12.15 Cable tray installation.
16. Figure 12.16 (a) Cable fill, (b) spacing, and (c) mixing.
17. Figure 12.17 Bus duct.
18. Figure 12.18 Cable bus assembly.
19. Figure 12.19 Cable bus installation.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Motor partially loaded performance.
2. Figure 13.2 Reactive power flows [2].
3. Figure 13.3 Typical motor loading.
4. Figure 13.4 pf correction.
5. Figure 13.5 Generator excited at pf change.
6. Figure 13.6 Harmonics.
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Motor torque characteristics.
2. Figure 14.2 NEMA design code.
3. Figure 14.3 NEMA “Standard T Frame” dimensions. Source: [1].
4. Figure 14.4 IEC “Standard Frame” dimensions. Source: [1].
5. Figure 14.5 Motor starter sizes.
6. Figure 14.6 The most common motor enclosures. (a) TEFC, (b) TENV, (c) explos...
7. Figure 14.7 Sag mill.
8. Figure 14.8 Motor torque characteristic.
9. Figure 14.9 Soft start comparison.
10. Figure 14.10 Motor efficiencies by IEC.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 VFD cabinets.
2. Figure 15.2 VFD: AC → → DC → AC conversion.
3. Figure 15.3 VFD PWM modulation.
4. Figure 15.4 VFD output voltage.
5. Figure 15.5 (a) VSI and (b) CSI topology.
6. Figure 15.6 Motor start on VFD.
7. Figure 15.7 Power and torque–speed relationship.
8. Figure 15.8 Variable/constant torque characteristics.
9. Figure 15.9 Displacement pumps.
10. Figure 15.10 Regenerative VFDs.
11. Figure 15.11 Regenerative drives options.
12. Figure 15.12 IGBT and diode.
13. Figure 15.13 Nonlinear waveform.
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Window type CTs, ratios.
2. Figure 16.2 Polarity markings and current flows.
3. Figure 16.3 Transformer differential protection.
4. Figure 16.4 Time dial settings.
5. Figure 16.5 Transformer protection functional diagram. MFM, multifunction me...
6. Figure 16.6 Generator protection functional diagram.
7. Figure 16.7 Motor protection functional diagram. WNDGs, windings; BRNGs, bea...
8. Figure 16.8 Δ side currents for Y side faults.
9. Figure 16.9 Synchrocheck relay.
10. Figure 16.10 Coordination with fuse.
11. Figure 16.11 Transformer ground restricted protection, 50/51GR.
12. Figure 16.12 (a, b) Motor ground fault protection.
13. Figure 16.13 (a, b) Generator ground fault protection.
14. Figure 16.14 Differential relay 3 slope setting.
15. Figure 16.15 Flex logic for controlling MVAR flow on line.
16. Figure 16.16 Inverse overcurrent protection.
17. Figure 16.17 Time graded relay coordination.
18. Figure 16.18 Time–current graded protection.
19. Figure 16.19 Trip lockout (86) relay.
20. Figure 16.20 Self‐reset trip relay.
21. Figure 16.21 Trip supervisory relay.
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Old relay logic panel.
2. Figure 17.2 PLC with I/O cards by Rockwell.
3. Figure 17.3 PLC processing sequence.
4. Figure 17.4 Part of PLC ladder program.
5. Figure 17.5 PLC scan.
6. Figure 17.6 Interposing relay (IR).
7. Figure 17.7 Analog controls.
8. Figure 17.8 Scaling list.
9. Figure 17.9 An HMI screen for an electrical one‐line diagram.
10. Figure 17.10 Plant automation network architecture.
11. Figure 17.11 Network topology [4].
12. Figure 17.12 UTP cable.
13. Figure 17.13 Patch box for Ethernet IP.
14. Figure 17.14 Ethernet TCP/IP network.
15. Figure 17.15 Webb HMI faceplate.
16. Figure 17.16 SCADA powerplant basic architecture.
17. Figure 17.17 SCADA with DNP3 transmission.
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 Power plant, smaller units. GSUT, Generator step‐up transformer;...
2. Figure 18.2 Power plant, larger units.
3. Figure 18.3 Hydro generator: 147 MVA (1 pu), 0.85 lag/0.9 lead power factor....
4. Figure 18.4 Generator steady state limits.
5. Figure 18.5 Open and short circuit graph.
6. Figure 18.6 V Curves; field current for varied pf.
7. Figure 18.7 Short circuit ratio.
8. Figure 18.8 Generator impedances X _d, X _q.
9. Figure 18.9 (a, b) Generator transient conditions. [1]
10. Figure 18.10 Governor frequency – power control, hydro unit.
11. Figure 18.11 Governor typical transfer function.
12. Figure 18.12 Generator static exciter board.
13. Figure 18.13 Static excitation diagram ( with brushes).
14. Figure 18.14 Brushless rotating exciter with PMG.
15. Figure 18.15 Generator circuit breaker.
16. Figure 18.16 Result of cavitation.
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 Regional dispatch center.
2. Figure 19.2 Two unit plant.
3. Figure 19.3 Load sharing on droop.
4. Figure 19.4 ISO and droop operation.
5. Figure 19.5 Voltage droop.
6. Figure 19.6 Island mode, single unit.
7. Figure 19.7 Grid, single unit.
8. Figure 19.8 Island mode droop.
9. Figure 19.9 Cross current compensation.
10. Figure 19.10 Line power transfer.
11. Figure 19.11 MVAR exchange.
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 A remote DG power plant.
2. Figure 20.2 DG plant basic one line diagram.
3. Figure 20.3 Rankine cycle.
4. Figure 20.4 A diesel engine energy tree.
5. Figure 20.5 Pressurized water system.
6. Figure 20.6 Steam/water WHR.
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Failure rates.
2. Figure 21.2 Bathtub mortality.
3. Figure 21.3 Block diagrams.
4. Figure 21.4 Single pump operation. STR = starter, SOL = solenoid valve.
5. Figure 21.5 Serial/parallel operating system.
6. Figure 21.6 “m out of n” system.
7. Figure 21.7 Cyclone separator
8. Figure 21.8 Piper alpha rig catastrophe.
9. Figure 21.9 Common mode parallel system.
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Fire notifying devices.
2. Figure 22.2 Smoke detector.
3. Figure 22.3 Pull station.
4. Figure 22.4 Fire alarm panel.
5. Figure 22.5 Sprinkler head.
6. Figure 22.6 Wet pipe sprinkler.
7. Figure 22.7 Gas cylinders.
8. Figure 22.8 VESDA installation.
9. Figure 22.9 Hydrants and fire hose.
10. Figure 22.10 Hand extinguishers.
11. Figure 22.11 Vent louvers.
12. Figure 22.12 Deluge system.
13. Figure 22.13 Deluge system in operation.
14. Figure 22.14 Diesel fire pump.
15. Figure 22.15 Pump controller.
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Buried pipe corrosion.
2. Figure 23.2 (a, b) Protection by sacrificial anode.
3. Figure 23.3 Groundbed with sacrificial nodes.
4. Figure 23.4 Impressed current installation.
5. Figure 23.5 Impressed current installation with rectifier.
6. Figure 23.6 Rectifier transformers.
7. Figure 23.7 Boat hull protection.
8. Figure 23.8 Ship impressed current.
9. Figure 23.9 Cu terminal corrosion.
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Plant phasing diagram.
2. Figure 24.2 Transformer winding configurations.
3. Figure 24.3 Tap Changer on Δ‐Y transformer.
4. Figure 24.4 Dry type transformer.
5. Figure 24.5 Motor WPI type.
6. Figure 24.6 IPB bus duct (a, b).
7. Figure 24.7 Phase braid connectors.
Chapter 25
1. Figure 25.1 Solar resource, Europe 1.
2. Figure 25.2 Insolation in kWh/m²/yr. DNI Index [2].
3. Figure 25.3 Photovoltaic technology [3].
4. Figure 25.4 Third multijunction photovoltaic.
5. Figure 25.5 (a, b) The AM1.5 solar spectrum and the parts of the spectrum [6...
6. Figure 25.6 PV panels [5].
7. Figure 25.7 Dual tracker panels [5].
8. Figure 25.8 Alamosa [5].
9. Figure 25.9 CSP tower plant [5].
10. Figure 25.10 Crescent dunes tower CSP [5,9].
11. Figure 25.11 Parabolic mirror model [11].
12. Figure 25.12 Fresnel mirror model [12].
13. Figure 25.13 Solar reserve: crescent dunes solar [5,9].
14. Figure 25.14 Puerto Errado, Fresnel model.
15. Figure 25.15 A row of parabolic mirrors [5].
16. Figure 25.16 Solana AZ, salt storage plant [15].
17. Figure 25.17 Cost of large batteries.
18. Figure 25.18 Tesla 100 MW storage battery.
Chapter 26
1. Figure 26.1 Offshore 5 MW turbines.
2. Figure 26.2 Single blade in transport.
3. Figure 26.3 Wind rose.
4. Figure 26.4 Wind tunnel flow.
5. Figure 26.5 Power coefficient C_p, tip speed ratio (TSR) λ.
6. Figure 26.6 (a, b) Wind energy distribution and captured.
7. Figure 26.7 Turbulence daily chart.
8. Figure 26.8 Wind standards.
9. Figure 26.9 Fixed speed turbine generator.
10. Figure 26.10 In‐line conversion speed conversion.
11. Figure 26.11 Asynchronous DFIG model.
12. Figure 26.12 Historical growth.
13. Figure 26.13 Vesta installation.
14. Figure 26.14 Vertical axis model.
15. Figure 26.15 Typical farm project. MVARs required.
16. Figure 26.16 Desert environment.
17. Figure 26.17 Nacelle and blade, hub, hub bearing.
18. Figure 26.18 Renewable energy capital cost comparison.
19. Figure 26.19 Energy cents/kWh levelized cost comparison.

Practical Power Plant Engineering

A Guide for Early Career Engineers