Willi Darr

Concepts and paradigms in operative, strategic and social time management

Willi Darr

Concepts and paradigms in operative, strategic and social time management

tredition Verlag
Hamburg

Prof. Dr. Willi Darr

University of Applied Sciences Hof

Procurement and Logistics Management

Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1 ׀ D-95028 Hof/Saale

Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek

Bibliographic Information of the German National Library

Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.dnb.de abrufbar.

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data can be found on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de.

Copyright: 2020 Willi Darr

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The work including its parts is protected by copyright. Any use that is not expressly permitted by copyright law requires prior consent. This applies in particular to reprinting, duplication, processing, microfilming and storage and processing in electronic systems.

Cover and design by tredition & Willi Darr

Translated by Sally Rendl

Originaltitel: Konzepte und Paradigmen im operativen, strategischen und gesellschaftlichen Zeitmanagement

Herstellung und Verlag ׀ Printed and published by tredition GmbH, Halenreie 40-44, D-22359 Hamburg, Germany

Contents

Contents

List of figures

List of tables

List of abbreviations

Introductory thoughts instead of a foreword

1. Time as an everyday phenomenon and its functions

a. Quote: Tomorrow is another day

b. The definition of time in this book

c. Selected phenomena of time: a historical and cultural overview

d. Selected cultural studies about/on time

e. Analysis of social time structures: The concept of Acceleration by Hartmut Rosa

f. Time responsibilities and measurement methods

g. Functions of time

2. Syntax: Standardization of the language of time

a. Quote: 20 equals 15

b. A review of standardization of time

c. Today's standardized characters

3. Semantics: Time as an evaluative criterion

a. Quote: Everything has its time

b. Process as model of the real world

c. Time as an expression of duration and reliability

d. Time as a form of expression of a reserve

e. Time as a unique product

f. Industry 4.0 and the time-based mapping of business processes

g. Brief interim conclusion

4. Pragmatics: The paradigm in operational management

a. Quote: Time is money (Zeit ist Geld)

b. Principle of valuation

c. Methods for analysing and controlling time

d. Time in purchasing, production and distribution

e. Key question of operational planning: accelerated or decelerated

f. The evaluation of operational processes against the background of the discussion of industry 4.0

g. Interim conclusion

5. Pragmatics: The paradigm in strategic management

a. Quote: If we don't act quickly, the game is lost.

b. Time in the leading strategy concepts

c. Time strategies in the sense of short delivery times

d. Time strategies in the sense of reliability and punctuality

e. Time strategies in the sense of robustness and resilience

f. Time strategies in the sense of timeliness

g. The evaluation of time-based strategies in the discussions of industry 4.0

h. Interim conclusion

6. Pragmatics: The paradigm currently in society

a. Quote: The time trap or hamster wheel looks like a career ladder from the inside

b. Acceleration means estrangement

c. Deceleration and idleness as ways out?

d. Resonance or self-organization?

e. Final Conclusion

7. Footnotes

8. Bibliography

List of figures

Figure 1.1: Relating activities

Figure 1.2: Key statements on the phenomenon and functions of "time"

Figure 3.1: Elements and variants of processes

Figure 3.2: Hierarchy of processes

Figure 3.3: Sequences of processes

Figure 3.4: Length and width of networks

Figure 4.1: Slow and rapid circulation

Figure 4.2: Acceleration or deceleration

Figure 4.3: Effects of digitisation and digitalisation

Figure 4.4: Order cycle and time effects

Figure 5.1: Punctuality cascade

Figure 5.2: Robustness and resilience

Figure 6.1: Summary of the phenomena, functions and paradigms of time management

Figure 7.1: Digital penetration points

List of tables

Table 1.1: Selected statements on the classification of the societies

Table 3.1: Parameters influencing the process analysis

Table 6.1: Overview of the semiotic developments of "time"

List of abbreviations

Introductory thoughts instead of a foreword

The subject of this book is a subject-specific business discussion on the paradigms of time management. The time itself is not tradable, not storable and also not purchasable to acquire. Time cannot be heard, smelled, tasted or felt. Nevertheless, it is omnipresent for all persons in companies as well as in private life. Some selected examples may prove this, and each reader may make its personal evaluation, to what extent the time and/or the time pressure releases an oppressive or relaxing feeling for it. Here are the examples from daily life:

- The alarm clock and the church bells ring at 6 o'clock in the morning.

- The children should get up on time to be at school or to reach the school bus.

- Employees should arrive early at the workplace. The schedule is well filled. This also applies to students: The lecture begins punctually at 8 o'clock.

- The morning traffic torments through the city and makes promised appointments in the early morning uncertain. The duration of the green phase at the traffic lights is very short and only a few cars manage to get further.

- The annual holiday period is several weeks and for the planning of the annual summer vacation, all colleagues have to meet a common regulation/ have to make a joint arrangement in coordination with their supervisor/ company.

- Today there is little time for lunch or lunch break. The next appointment is already "on the doorstep".

These examples make it clear that time plays a permanent role in everyday life. Possible time buffers can alleviate the temporal tension and defuse the time pressure (and vice versa). This is expressed in idioms or proverbs, such as having no time or losing no time or the race against time.

Time also plays a prominent role in sport. Not only does a football match last 90 minutes (plus injury time), but the fame and honour of the best competitive athletes in motor sports, skiing or athletics sometimes only depend on a few hundredths of a second. The tenth of a second is often no longer the yardstick to distinguish between victory and defeat.

Time also plays a prominent role in art and literature. The picture "La persistencia da la memoria" (the permanence of memory or the elapsing time) by Salvadore Dali from 1931, pictures on still life, the books by Michael Ende (Momo) and Thomas Mann (Der Zauberberg) or the films "In Time" or "Modern Times" with Charlie Chaplin prove this. The books on time travel with the time machines of H.G. Wells or on the circumnavigation of the world in (then) record time by Jules Verne ("Around the world in 80 days") are also world-famous.

Time is also currently being discussed: (i) Thus the time discussion in the state of Bavaria was again decided in school politics to the G8 or G9 on the high schools. (ii) Shortly before, the Süddeutsche Zeitung had the headline "Jamaika-Sondierern läuft die Zeit davon" (Jamaica sounders runs out of time) (Süddeutsche Zeitung, 16.11.2017, p. 1). (iii) Another example is the award of the 2017 Nobel Prize for Medicine to US researchers Jeffry Hall, Michael Rosbach and Michel Young for their work on the day-night rhythm, the so-called 'inner clock'. (iv) As private customers in the mail order business, deliveries are offered in certain cities with a same-day delivery service. In Munich and Berlin, deliveries can be made after just a few hours.

Time also plays an important role for companies: companies have always been embedded in a value creation network: raw material manufacturers, raw material producers, parts and component manufacturers, end producers and dealers are the components of the supply chain. In earlier days, i.e. before the globalisation of supply chains, the majority of them were organised locally/regionally/ nationally and imports were only necessary due to raw materials or special parts. Today's supply chains are built globally thanks to global logistics and trade regulations. The competitive pressure of these open markets then led to the reduction of all capacity, inventory and time reserves, so that these supply chains are closely linked by serial interdependencies. In this respect, the term "supply chain" has been aptly chosen.

In the companies, the assembly lines are supplied "just-in-time" by the suppliers. This eliminates the need for warehousing at the purchasing company and reduces its costs. Only the time guarantee of the supplier guarantees the orders and prevents (in case of order) contractual penalties due to delivery delays.

The disaster of Fukushima or the discussions on hard Brexit are examples of the (possible) effects of "unplanned" disruptions of such efficient supply chains. In view of the withdrawal of the UK from the European Union, Japanese car manufacturers have announced that they will discontinue or review their production in the UK in order to ensure that production processes can continue.

With the digitalisation (i.e. industry 4.0, logistics 4.0 or purchasing 4.0), all participants now hope for further cost savings and acceleration of internal and intercompany processes. Previously unavailable data is now available faster or for the first time, enabling faster or more qualified decisions. The time benefit also becomes strategically important as an economic factor and enables new "time-based" business models.

However, digitisation is not uncontroversial. On February 28, 2019, Zeit-Online headlined the presentation of a new smartphone at the Mobile World Congress that supports the new high-speed standard 5G: "The Discovery of Speed" and chose the linguistic counterpart to Sten Nadolny's novel "The Discovery of Slowness"; a novel in which slow rhythm gives meaning to life. If this contradiction is now transferred back to 5G, the positive, i.e. meaningful, message of the new fast technology would be immediately questionable, i.e. faster technology would then no longer make sense. Was this the intention? This contradiction will be discussed later.

These wide-ranging examples are intended to show how ubiquitous the phenomenon of "time" is for all parties involved. In retrospect, this list could also be extended to include historical examples, e.g. the temporal rituals of indigenous peoples in harmony with nature or the development of the measurement of time using simple technical instruments. It is not possible to avoid "time"; time is omnipresent.

This book focuses on the business paradigms of time management and therefore it should be clear beforehand which aspects are not considered:

- The physical discussion at present (e.g. Rovelli, 2018): It is initially a fixed quantity as a result of the division of distance and speed. Albert Einstein formulates a "relative time" with general and special relativity theory and contradicted the statement that time is an absolute quantity. Thus, for example, the time elapses so differently in the course of a GPS measurement on Earth and in the GPS satellite due to the two speeds that a correction of time measurement must be made according to the Lorentz factor in order to compensate for positioning errors.

- The dimensions of space and time: Elias explains the four dimensions of space and time and pleads for a fifth dimension. This dimension should represent the personal experience, the consciousness or the personal experience. With this he wants to expand a theory of social symbols: Among its previous representatives of language/of meaning, space and time should also be included (Elias, 2017, p. XLVI, 26, 52 and 112).

- Heidegger's philosophical discussion about time: For him, the meaning of being does not only arise from the references to the present, but also from a temporal sequence, i.e. from the past (Heidegger's Gewesenheit) and the future.

- The field of tension between boredom, leisure, stress and amusement: This is where "flow" or idleness and positive or negative stress are discussed. (Luckner, 2012).

- The medical and psychological discussion about time, especially about the "inner clock": This phenomenon was investigated by Jeffrey Hall, Michael Rosbach and Michel Young and honoured with the Nobel Prize for Medicine. Their special focus was on the investigation of the day-night rhythm, i.e. the question of the mechanisms that control the 24-hour rhythm.

- The perception of time and the perception of time of people as personal and physical phenomena: The former refers to the length of time intervals that can be grasped by people with their senses. Only above a certain time threshold (duration) can facts be perceived by our sensory organs, e.g. perception of an optical stimulus by the eye or feeling of a heat stimulus on our skin. The perception of time, on the other hand, refers to the feeling of time, i.e. our evaluation of the actual duration of processes or processes in time. On the one hand, the intensity of mental activity plays a decisive role here. This feeling is expressed colloquially in phrases such as "time is running out, time flies by, time stands still, killing time". On the other hand, the perception of the chronological sequence can also be perceived in the sense of the "good old time" or "a turning point in time".

These aspects are not further elaborated in this book. This book deals with a special question for companies: the paradigms in time management. The term "paradigm" was chosen in order to express the fundamental, generally prevailing and no longer to be discussed opinion on predefined questions, here the temporal arrangement in enterprises. They reflect a generally accepted consensus on what solutions should be found for certain issues. In terms of time, the paradigm is that "acceleration" is the only direction underlying time management. It seems to be a kind of one-way street. In other words, ever faster means ever more successful or ever better. This is also evident from the above-mentioned introduction of the faster transmission standard 5G. Backhaus and Gruner (1997) speak early of an "epidemic of time competition".

Three special categories of time management and their respective paradigms are discussed in this book:

The first category considers time as a measure of efficient operational business processes: The operational processes form the backbone of the division of labour (services) and are to be managed (mastered) fast and reliably in the sense of efficiency. This means that time has an operative value.

Chapter 6 illustrates the permanent acceleration of social processes and thus their handling of the resource "time". Possible ways out (alternatives) of the never-ending acceleration of our social time are shown on the basis of time concepts. In this respect, this discussion could also be carried out from a pragmatic point of view. In this book, however, this takes place in two separate places: on the one hand in chapter 1 under the aspect of the analysis of social time structures and on the other hand in chapter 6 under the aspect of the possibility of escaping from this time vortex of society.

Each chapter begins with a well-known citation, which is intended to express its basic message briefly and concisely. In order to maintain legibility, the use of double forms or other markings for female and male persons is renounced.

I would be delighted if you as a reader would gain personal insights into the phenomenon of "time" and would not allow yourself to be drawn into the time vortex without reflection. For students as readers, I hope that they will gain a better understanding of the topic and sharpen their ability to judge temporal phenomena. For practitioners as readers, I hope to be able to create suggestions for their own operational discussion and its implementation.

I wish you lots of curiosity and sufficient "time" while reading.

Willi Darr