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<p><b>1 Overview and Present Status of Reinforced Polymer Composites 1</b><br /> <i>Furkan Ahmad, Inderdeep Singh, and Pramendra K. Bajpai</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 FRPCs 4</p> <p>1.2.1 Fabrication of Fiber Reinforced Composites 4</p> <p>1.2.2 Present Status of FRPCs 5</p> <p>1.3 FRPCs Applications and Future Prospects 9</p> <p>1.4 Conclusion 12</p> <p>References 12</p> <p><b>2 Fabrication of Short Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 21<br /> </b><i>Ujendra K. Komal, Manish K. Lila, Saurabh Chaitanya, and Inderdeep Singh</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 21</p> <p>2.2 Challenges with Composite Materials 23</p> <p>2.3 Preprocessing of Natural Fibers and Polymeric Matrix 25</p> <p>2.3.1 Fiber Surface Modification 25</p> <p>2.3.2 Compounding of Natural Fibers and Polymeric Matrix 25</p> <p>2.4 Processing of Polymeric Matrix Composites 26</p> <p>2.4.1 Selection of Processing Techniques 28</p> <p>2.4.2 Injection Molding 29</p> <p>2.4.2.1 Operating Parameters 29</p> <p>2.4.2.2 Challenges in Injection Molding of Natural Fiber-Based Composites 33</p> <p>2.4.2.3 Fabrication of Polymeric Composites by Injection Molding Process 34</p> <p>2.4.2.4 Mechanical Performance of Injection Molded Composites 34</p> <p>2.5 Conclusions 35</p> <p>References 36</p> <p><b>3 Fabrication of Composite Laminates 39<br /> </b><i>Sandhyarani Biswas and Jasti Anurag</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 39</p> <p>3.2 Fabrication Processes 40</p> <p>3.2.1 Hand Lay-up Process 40</p> <p>3.2.2 Filament Winding Process 42</p> <p>3.2.3 Compression Molding Process 43</p> <p>3.2.4 Vacuum Bagging Process 45</p> <p>3.2.5 Autoclave Molding 46</p> <p>3.2.6 Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) Process 46</p> <p>3.2.7 Pultrusion Process 48</p> <p>3.3 Conclusions 49</p> <p>References 50</p> <p><b>4 Processing of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 55<br /> </b><i>Ramesh K. Nayak, Kishore K. Mahato, and Bankim C. Ray</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 55</p> <p>4.2 Classification of Nanomaterials 58</p> <p>4.2.1 Nanocomposites 58</p> <p>4.2.2 Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites 59</p> <p>4.3 Fabrication Techniques of Polymer Matrix Nanocomposites 60</p> <p>4.3.1 Ultrasonic and Dual Mixing 61</p> <p>4.3.2 Three-Roll Mixing of Nano-fillers in PMC 63</p> <p>4.3.3 Intercalation Method 64</p> <p>4.3.4 Sol–Gel Method 67</p> <p>4.3.5 Direct Mixing of Polymer and Nano-fillers 68</p> <p>4.3.5.1 Melt Compounding 68</p> <p>4.3.5.2 Solvent Method 69</p> <p>4.4 Future Perspective and Challenges 70</p> <p>Acknowledgment 71</p> <p>References 71</p> <p><b>5 Advances in Curing Methods of Reinforced Polymer Composites 77<br /> </b><i>Ankit Manral, Furkan Ahmad, and Bhasha Sharma</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 77</p> <p>5.2 Curing Method 79</p> <p>5.3 Thermal Curing of FRPC 81</p> <p>5.3.1 Autoclave Curing 81</p> <p>5.3.1.1 Properties of FRPCs Influenced by Autoclave Parameters 85</p> <p>5.3.2 Induction Curing 86</p> <p>5.3.3 Resistance Curing 89</p> <p>5.3.4 Microwave Curing 90</p> <p>5.3.4.1 Properties Influenced by Microwave Curing of FRPC 92</p> <p>5.3.5 Ultrasonic Curing 93</p> <p>5.4 Radiation Curing of FRPCs 93</p> <p>5.4.1 Electron Beam Radiation Curing 96</p> <p>5.4.2 Ultraviolet Curing (UV) 98</p> <p>5.5 Conclusion 99</p> <p>References 100</p> <p><b>6 Friction and Wear Analysis of Reinforced Polymer Composites 105<br /></b><i>Pawan Kumar Rakesh and Lalit Ranakoti</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 105</p> <p>6.1.1 Fiber Reinforced Plastics 105</p> <p>6.1.2 Failure Mechanism of Fiber Reinforced Plastics 106</p> <p>6.1.3 Adhesion Wear 107</p> <p>6.1.4 Abrasive Wear 109</p> <p>6.1.5 Fatigue Wear 109</p> <p>6.1.6 Wear Testing Method 111</p> <p>6.2 Results and Discussion 114</p> <p>6.3 Conclusions 116</p> <p>References 116</p> <p><b>7 Characterization Techniques of Reinforced Polymer Composites 119<br /> </b><i>Manish K. Lila, Ujendra K. Komal, and Inderdeep Singh</i></p> <p>7.1 Introduction 119</p> <p>7.2 Fiber Reinforced Polymers 120</p> <p>7.3 Characterization of FRPs 121</p> <p>7.4 Chemical Characterization 122</p> <p>7.5 Physical Characterization 126</p> <p>7.5.1 Microscopic Characterization 126</p> <p>7.5.2 Density 128</p> <p>7.5.3 Void Fraction 129</p> <p>7.5.4 Surface Hardness 130</p> <p>7.5.5 Surface Roughness 131</p> <p>7.6 Mechanical Characterization 132</p> <p>7.6.1 Tensile test 133</p> <p>7.6.2 Compression Test 134</p> <p>7.6.3 Flexural Test 135</p> <p>7.6.4 Impact Test 136</p> <p>7.6.5 Shear Test 136</p> <p>7.7 Thermal Characterization 137</p> <p>7.7.1 Thermal Properties 138</p> <p>7.7.2 Thermogravimetric Analysis 139</p> <p>7.7.3 Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) 139</p> <p>7.7.4 Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) 140</p> <p>7.8 Durability Characterization 140</p> <p>7.8.1 Creep Testing 141</p> <p>7.8.2 Fatigue Testing 141</p> <p>7.8.3 Wear Testing 142</p> <p>7.8.4 Fire Testing 143</p> <p>7.8.5 Environmental Testing 143</p> <p>7.9 Conclusion 144</p> <p>References 144</p> <p><b>8 Detection of Delamination in Fiber Metal Laminates Based on Local Defect Resonance 147<br /> </b><i>Tanmoy Bose, Subhankar Roy, and Kishore Debnath</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 147</p> <p>8.2 Local Defect Resonance Based Nondestructive Evaluation 149</p> <p>8.2.1 Concept of Local Defect Resonance 149</p> <p>8.2.2 Modeling of GLARE-Fiber Metal Laminate 150</p> <p>8.2.3 Determination of LDR Frequency from Steady State Analysis 152</p> <p>8.3 Super-Harmonic and Subharmonic Excitation in Fiber Metal Laminates 153</p> <p>8.4 Detection of LDR Frequency Using Bicoherence Analysis 155</p> <p>8.4.1 Theory of Bicoherence Estimation 155</p> <p>8.4.2 Case Study of a Flat Bottom Hole 157</p> <p>8.4.2.1 Modeling of a Flat Bottom Hole 157</p> <p>8.4.2.2 Determination of LDR Frequency Using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Plot 159</p> <p>8.4.2.3 Determination of LDR Frequency Using Bicoherence Analysis 159</p> <p>8.4.2.4 Validation of the LDR Frequency Using Steady State Analysis 161</p> <p>8.5 Concluding Remarks 161</p> <p>References 162</p> <p><b>9 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Composites by Conventional and Nonconventional Manufacturing Processes 165<br /> </b><i>Manpreet Singh, Sarbjit Singh, and Parvesh Antil</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 165</p> <p>9.2 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites by Conventional Machining 166</p> <p>9.2.1 Conventional Drilling of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 166</p> <p>9.2.2 Grinding Assisted Drilling of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 167</p> <p>9.2.3 Vibration Assisted Drilling (VAD) of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 168</p> <p>9.2.4 High Speed Drilling (HSD) of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 168</p> <p>9.2.5 Drilling of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites with Drill Bit Geometry of Different Materials 168</p> <p>9.2.6 Milling of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 171</p> <p>9.2.7 Turning of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 171</p> <p>9.3 Secondary Processing of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites by Nonconventional Machining 173</p> <p>9.3.1 Laser Beam Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 173</p> <p>9.3.2 Ultrasonic Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 174</p> <p>9.3.3 Abrasive Water Jet Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 175</p> <p>9.3.4 Electrical Discharge Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 178</p> <p>9.3.5 Electrochemical Discharge Machining of Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites 179</p> <p>9.4 Concluding Remarks 180</p> <p>References 181</p> <p><b>10 Hybrid Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composites: Mechanical Strength Characterization and Life Assessment 189<br /> </b><i>Parvesh Antil, Sarbjit Singh, and Manpreet Singh</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 189</p> <p>10.2 Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) 191</p> <p>10.2.1 Matrix 191</p> <p>10.2.2 Reinforcement 191</p> <p>10.2.3 Fabrication of HGFRPC 192</p> <p>10.2.4 Morphology of Normal and Hybrid PMC 193</p> <p>10.2.5 Mechanical Strength Analysis 194</p> <p>10.2.6 Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 197</p> <p>10.3 Environmental Degradation of PMCs 199</p> <p>10.4 Life Assessment of PMCs 201</p> <p>10.4.1 Morphological Inspection 202</p> <p>10.5 Conclusions 205</p> <p>References 206</p> <p><b>11 Fire Performance of Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites 209<br /> </b><i>Divya Zindani, Kaushik Kumar, and João Paulo Davim</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 209</p> <p>11.2 Flammability Aspects and Thermal Properties of Natural Fibers and Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymeric Composites 210</p> <p>11.3 Fire Retardants 216</p> <p>11.4 Flame Retardants 216</p> <p>11.4.1 Mineral Flame Retardants 216</p> <p>11.4.2 Bulging of Flame Retardants 217</p> <p>11.5 Fire Performance for Usability as Materials in Transportation 218</p> <p>11.6 Fire Performance for Usability as Building Materials 219</p> <p>11.7 Summary 220</p> <p>References 221</p> <p><b>12 Post Life Cycle Processing of Reinforced Thermoplastic Polymer Composites 225<br /> </b><i>N.H. Salwa, S.M. Sapuan, M.T.Mastura, and M.Y.M. Zuhri</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 225</p> <p>12.2 Polymer Composites 226</p> <p>12.2.1 Thermoplastic Polymer 227</p> <p>12.2.2 Reinforcing Fibers in Composites 228</p> <p>12.2.3 Green Bio-composites 229</p> <p>12.3 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 230</p> <p>12.3.1 Definition 230</p> <p>12.3.1.1 Goal and Scope 233</p> <p>12.3.1.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 234</p> <p>12.3.1.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 235</p> <p>12.3.1.4 Life Cycle Results Interpretation 237</p> <p>12.4 LCA Studies on Bio-composites 238</p> <p>12.4.1 LCA Bio-composites 238</p> <p>12.4.1.1 LCA Natural Fiber 239</p> <p>12.4.2 LCA Biopolymer 240</p> <p>12.5 LCA Limitations 241</p> <p>12.6 Conclusions 243</p> <p>Acknowledgment 244</p> <p>References 244</p> <p><b>13 Reprocessing and Disposal Mechanisms for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 249<br /> </b><i>Vijay Chaudhary, Khushi Ram, and Furkan Ahmad </i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 249</p> <p>13.2 Reprocessing or Recycling Methods of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 251</p> <p>13.3 Mechanical Recycling 252</p> <p>13.4 Chemical Recycling 254</p> <p>13.5 Hydrolytic Degradation of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite 255</p> <p>13.6 Photodegradation of Polymer Composite 256</p> <p>13.7 Biodegradation of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites 257</p> <p>13.8 Conclusion 258</p> <p>References 262</p> <p>Index 267</p>

Pramendra Kumar Bajpai is Assistant Professor in the Division of Manufacturing Processes and Automation at the Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, India. He got his PDF from Indian Institute of Technology, India. He was a lecture in National Institute of Technology and AMITY University, India and has 13 years of teaching and researching experience. His research interests include processing and characterization of composite materials, natural fiber reinforced polymer matrix green composites. He has published a number of scientific papers and book chapters.<br> <br> Inderdeep Singh is Associate Professor in the Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India. After his PhD from Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, he worked as a faculty in Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) and Punjab Engineering College, India. He joined Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee in 2005. His research focuses on composite materials including processing, characterization and design. He has published more than 100 scientific papers and several book chapters.

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